Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases
Published by the Bangladesh Infection Research Association. Full text articles will be available. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases is a fully Open Access journal publishing full-length research articles, review articles, case reports, editorial, case report, opinion, correspondence, letters to editors, book reviews and short reports of broad significance in the field of microbiology and related disciplines, as well as current methodological advancements that are of general interest to a wide audience. This journal invites authors and reviewers to register with the journal. The online submission process is available for new submissions. Scopus Index Journal : Q4 Journal, SJR 2024 = 0.104 BJID is indexed in the NLM Catalog ID: 101761093
Bangladesh Infection Research Association
Copyright Copyright on any research article in the Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases is retained by the author(s). The authors grant the Bangladesh Infection Research Association a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Articles in the Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases are Open Access articles published under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) This license permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and it is not used for commercial purposes.
Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
Abstract Not Available Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):195-197
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abdullah Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Opportunities and Challenges
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI), especially large language models (LLMs), is quickly gaining access to medical education, introducing new possibilities to enhance, customize, and expand teaching and learning processes. Their ability to generate natural language outputs supports a wide range of uses in education, evaluation, and faculty development. Objective: This short communication aims to highlight the current uses, benefits, risks, and future directions for the integration of LLM into medical education. Perspective: Current applications of AI in medical education include personalized tutoring, clinical reasoning simulations, automated assessment item generation, and curriculum development. While its benefits include scalability, flexible pedagogy, and reduction of faculty workload. Limitations include factual errors, bias propagation, lack of transparency, and potential disintegration of independent reasoning. Further, ethical considerations of AI encompass academic integrity, patient safety, data security, and equity of access. Research priorities involve evaluating learning outcomes, safety of simulated practice, and best practices for human–AI collaboration. Conclusion: LLMs hold transformative potential for medical education if integrated with faculty oversight, AI literacy training, and robust validation processes. Responsible adoption should prioritize accuracy, transparency, and learner competence, ensuring technology serves as a complement, not a substitute for human expertise. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):189-194
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abdus Salam, Sakib Imtiaz, Irine Banu Lucy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epidemiology, Trends, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Dengue Fever among Adolescents and Young Adults in Dhaka City of Bangladesh
Background: Dengue fever is an escalating public health concern in Bangladesh, with Dhaka City experiencing recurrent epidemics that disproportionately affect adolescents and young adults. Objective: This study was aimed to analyse fourteen years of surveillance data to characterize demographic, socioeconomic, and seasonal determinants of dengue morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population. Methodology: A retrospective, record-based design was applied using hospital surveillance data and Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) databases from January 2010 to November 2023. All laboratory-confirmed cases were included based on national diagnostic criteria (NS1 antigen, IgM, or RT-PCR). Data were compiled, cleaned, and analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize demographic patterns, while chi-square tests and logistic regression examined associations between age, sex, socioeconomic status, residential setting, and severity. Correlation analysis assessed seasonal effects of rainfall. Results: Approximately 117,000 confirmed cases were identified. The mean age was 18.7 years (SD ± 2.1); late adolescents (18 to 20 years) comprised 46.0% of cases, with males accounting for 55.0%, though females showed 15.0% higher hospitalization and complication rates (p < 0.05). Low-income youth experienced 30% higher prevalence, while those in informal settlements had 1.4-fold greater odds of infection (95% CI: 1.2–1.7). First-time infections accounted for 84.0% of cases, while recurrent infections nearly doubled the odds of severe dengue (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.55–2.38). Annual epidemics peaked in 2019 (101,354 cases, 179 deaths), 2022 (62,382 cases, 281 deaths), and 2023 (69,483 cases, 327 deaths), with CFR rising to 0.47%. Monsoon months showed a 50.0% to 60.0% increase in cases, strongly correlated with rainfall (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Adolescents in Dhaka city face disproportionate dengue risks shaped by social inequities, recurrent infection, and seasonal climate variation. Future studies should evaluate behavioral, nutritional, and immunological determinants in greater depth, while public health efforts prioritize youth-focused education, strengthened healthcare capacity, and climate-sensitive surveillance to mitigate rising severity. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):3-17
Copyright (c) 2025 MD RAKIBUL HASAN, Md. Abdullah Yusuf, Gerald Egbury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Healthcare Professionals in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a significant global health threat, driven by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antimicrobial stewardship among healthcare professionals working in public hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was conducted at Communicable Disease Control (CDC) unit of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2022 to October 2022 during a national orientation program for physicians from government healthcare facilities across Bangladesh. Physicians from facilities with indoor patient services were invited, excluding tertiary medical hospitals. The participants who agreed to take part in the survey through written consent were included in the study. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was designed to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antimicrobial stewardship and AMR. Results: The survey involved 292 physicians, primarily male and aged between 25 and 35 years. The results revealed a high level of general awareness about AMR, with 95.2% acknowledging the role of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) in reducing resistance. The participants uniformly agreed with the importance of infection prevention and control (IPC). However, there were significant gaps in understanding specific ASP-related concepts, such as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and antibiograms, with 41.0% to 75.0% of respondents either unfamiliar with or unsure about these terms. Attitude related responses indicate strong support for educational programs and the integration of ASPs into hospital settings, with 99.0% advocating for training on rational antibiotic use. In practice, most respondents reported rational antibiotic prescribing, yet inconsistencies remain in areas like the choice of antimicrobials and adherence to stewardship principles. Conclusion: The findings have revealed a gap between knowledge and practice concerning AMR, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions, structured policies, enhanced training, and robust Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs implementation to mitigate AMR and improve patient outcomes in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):18-26
Copyright (c) 2025 Aninda rahman, Hurul Jannat, Piash Kumer Deb, S M Shahriar Rizvi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Status of Carbapenemase Encoding Genes among Imipenem Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Different Samples at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Background: Nosocomial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii are a global health problem. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates recovered from a tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of one year from July 2015 to June 2016. Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated from different specimens and was identified and were screened for carbapenemase production using imipenem discs. Phenotypic identification of carbapenemase production was done by the double disc synergy (DDS) test, combined disc (CD) assay, and modified Hodge test (MHT). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of imipenem was determined by the agar dilution method. Genes encoding blaNDM-1, blaIMP, blaVIM and blaKPC were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Twenty-one (80.8%) imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were detected among 26 isolates. Among 21 imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, 20(95.2%) carbapenemase producers were detected by PCR, 16(76.2%) by DDS test, 18 (85.7%) by CD assay and 5(23.8%) were detected by MHT. The blaNDM-1 gene was most prevalent 18 (85.7%) followed by blaVIM 14 (66.7%), blaIMP 8(38.1%) and blaKPC 5(23.8%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of imipenem of the imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ranged from ≥256 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study shows a significant proportion (95.2%) of imipenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were carbapenemase producers. Genes encoding carbapenemase enzyme including blaNDM-1, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaKPC are responsible for imipenem resistance. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):27-33
Copyright (c) 2025 Sharmeen Sultana, Md. Abdullah Yusuf, Momtaz Begum, Tania Rahman, Tarana Jahan, Md. Asifudduza, Hasbi Ara Mostofa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates from Wound Swab and Pus with their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Retrospective Study
Background: The issue of antimicrobial resistance is one of the worldwide health concerns since more and more organisms are becoming resistant to common antibiotics. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of common organisms isolated from pus and wound swabs in relation to their antibiogram. Methodology: This retrospective analysis was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Green Life Medical College & Hospital Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh which was carried out between July 2023 and June 2024 for a period of one year. Pus samples and wound swabs were subjected to culture and sensitivity testing. Information about the patients, isolated organisms, culture reports, and sensitivity analyses was gathered from the record book of the Department of Microbiology. Results: Gram-positive bacteria comprised 13.7% and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 86.3% of the organisms that grew in 71.7% of the total 1245 samples. The most often isolated bacterium from wound swabs and pus samples was Pseudomonas species (34.9%). Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%), Klebsiella species (12.5%) and Escherichia coli (10.5%) were the next most frequently isolated organisms. Among gram-negative bacteria, 14.8% were ESBL-producing organisms, and Klebsiella species were the most commonly isolated ESBL producers. The majority of the microorganisms had significant antibiotic resistance. The majority of gram-negative bacteria were resistant to amoxicillin, fluoroquinolones, co-trimoxazole, and cephalosporins. The most effective antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria were colistin, tigecycline, carbapenems, and piperacillin/tazobactam. Most gram-positive bacteria were resistant to co-trimoxazole and fluoroquinolones, while 100.0% of Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin, and 35.2% of it was methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Conclusion: The most common isolated bacteria are Pseudomonas species followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli, which are resistant to the majority of the commonly used antibiotics. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):34-41
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaila Akhtar, Mahnaz Tabassum Raisa, Nooriya Haque, Rafia Afreen Jalil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Distribution in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Cervicitis Cases
Background: Cervicitis is frequently caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in N. gonorrhoeae presents significant treatment challenges, making it essential to monitor the molecular epidemiology and resistance profiles of this pathogen. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in cervicitis cases, with a focus on detecting resistance-associated genes and the co-occurrence of other STIs, including HPV. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, with sample collection from the gynaecology outpatient department between January and December 2017, and included female patients with clinically suspected cervicitis. A total of 248 cervical swab samples were collected from women with cervicitis. The samples were analyzed using Gram staining, bacterial culture, PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. PCR was also employed to detect resistance-related genes and HPV strains in cervical biopsy specimens. Results: Of the 248 cervical swab samples, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 10.48% of cases. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed high levels of resistance to Ciprofloxacin (92.86%) and Tetracycline (85.71%) among the N. gonorrhoeae isolates, with 57.14% also resistant to Doxycycline. Notably, all isolates remained susceptible to Ceftriaxone and Cefixime, which continue to be highly effective for treatment. Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains were identified in 71.42% of cases, indicating ongoing selective pressure for resistance. PCR analysis also revealed the presence of resistance-associated genes, including penA, mtrR, and porB. In addition, HPV DNA was detected in 16.66% of cervical biopsy samples, with HPV-16 identified in 13.33% and HPV-18 in 3.33%. Co-infection with other STIs was observed in 25.40% of the N. gonorrhoeae-positive cases. Conclusion: Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains a significant cause of cervicitis with high resistance to common antibiotics. Regular surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is crucial for treatment management. The study also emphasizes the importance of HPV vaccination to reduce cervical cancer risk, particularly for HPV-16 and HPV-18. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):42-51
Copyright (c) 2025 Afsana Mahbub, Abdulla Al Mamun, Tania Zaman, Tasnim Jannat, Md. Ashiqur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bacterial Profiles and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Wound Infections admitted at Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Dhaka city
Background: Wound infections remain a significant health concern, often developing or worsening when harmful microorganisms invade the injured tissue and are complicated by antimicrobial resistance. Knowledge of the microbial profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns is essential for effective management. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence, microbial profile, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from wound infections in patients attending ZH Shikder Women’s Medical College Hospital. Methodology: This observational study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at Zainul Haque Sikder Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over six months from July to December 2024. A total of 65 wound swab samples were collected from patients visiting both the outpatient and inpatient departments. Along with the samples, socio-demographic information and laboratory data, such as bacterial isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, were recorded using a standardized form. Samples were cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar, and organisms were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of 64 analyzed samples, bacterial growth was observed in 70.3% cases. The majority of participants were aged 21 to 40 years, with males slightly outnumbering females. Among 45 bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus was predominant (58%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.7%), Klebsiella species (13.3%), and Escherichia coli (11.1%). Gram-positive isolates were most sensitive to vancomycin (65.0%), gentamicin (65.0%), and amikacin (58.0%). Among Gram-negative isolates, Pseudomonas species showed the highest susceptibility to colistin and piperacillin-tazobactam (87.5%). In contrast, Klebsiella species showed susceptibility to imipenem, amikacin, and colistin (83.3%), and Escherichia coli showed susceptibility to imipenem (100.0%). Cephalosporin generally demonstrated limited activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas species are the predominant pathogens in wound infections. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):52-56
Copyright (c) 2025 Samia Afreen Khan, Nesar Ahmed Khan Ashekin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pattern of Complications among Scabies Patients Living in a Rural Community of Bangladesh
Background: Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation that poses a significant public health burden in resource-limited settings. In rural Bangladesh, factors such as overcrowding, poor hygiene, and delayed treatment contribute to the high prevalence of scabies and its associated complications, including bacterial super-infections and systemic illnesses. Despite its burden, data on the patterns of complications among affected individuals remain scarce. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the pattern, frequency, and types of complications associated with scabies among patients residing in a rural community of Bangladesh. Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 in Dhamsona union under Ashulia thana, Savar, Dhaka, and involving 220 number of clinically diagnosed scabies patients. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, physical examinations, and relevant clinical investigations. Complications were categorized as dermatological (e.g., impetigo, cellulitis, abscess), renal (e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis), and systemic (e.g., fever, lymphadenitis). Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze the association between demographic factors and complication patterns. Results: Out of 220 scabies patients, 134 (60.9%) developed one or more complications. The most common complication was pigmentary change in skin (50%), followed by Eczematous change in skin (28%), Pyogenic infection (12%), Nodule formation (6%) & Urticaria (3%). Children under 15 years and individuals from overcrowded households had significantly higher rates of complications (p < 0.05). Poor personal hygiene and delayed treatment-seeking behavior were major contributing factors. Conclusion: Scabies remains a neglected but significant health issue in rural Bangladesh, frequently leading to serious complications due to secondary bacterial infections and delayed intervention. Early detection, public health education, and accessible treatment are essential to prevent complications and reduce disease burden. This study highlights the need for integrated community-based scabies control programs. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):57-61
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamrul Islam, Tarana Jahan, Md. Abdullah Yusuf, Md. Abul Kalam, Md. Shah Zaman, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Md. Jahangir Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Pathogens (Gram positive cocci) of Adult Patients Admitted at a Tertiary Level Hospital of Dhaka City in Bangladesh
Background: Resistance pattern of the organism varies from one country to another and within the country. Regular monitoring and surveillance are necessary for curbing the emergence of resistant organisms and effective infection control in the hospital settings of Bangladesh. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the sensitivity pattern of bacterial gram-positive cocci isolated from the clinical specimens. Methodology: This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study. Sampling technique was purposive sampling technique was applied and data were collected by pretested semi-structured questionnaires and face to face interview. A total of 384 urine & blood samples were collected in sterile containers from suspected infected cases. A specimen was considered positive if an organism was cultured at a concentration of ≥105 CFU/ml or when an organism was cultured at a concentration of 104 CFU/ml and >5 pus cells per high power field. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolated bacterial species was performed by the disc diffusion method following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. Results: Sample size was 384 adult patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Enterococci were found highly resistant to cefixime 50.00%, cloxacillin 75.00%, and erythromycin 90.00%. Due to widespread resistance of the drugs used to treat infection, the choice of drugs in the treatment of infection is quite narrow. In our country, awareness for prevention of infection should be encouraged at the community level as it affects all adult age groups. Staphylococcus aureus was 83.33% resistant to amoxycillin, 100.0% to cefradine, 66.66% to cefuroxime, 100.0% to cephalexin, 50.0% to cefixime, 66.66% to cloxacillin and erythromycin, and 100.0% to methicillin. Conclusion: A high prevalence of resistance to most antibiotics was detected, along with major gaps in surveillance and information gaps in the methodological data of the studies. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):62-68
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abdus Salam Howlader, Afshan Zareen, Dalia Khatoon, Adneen Moureen, Redoy Ranjan, SK Jakaria Been Sayeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Usage Among the General Population of Dhaka City
Background: Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health threat, causing treatment failures and increased healthcare costs. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding antibiotic use among the general population of Dhaka city. Methodology: The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the epidemiology department of the State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2013 for a period of 6 months. They are above 18 years old; they are aware of the term "antibiotics". Participants were excluded if he/she refused to participate in the study and the participants who were unable to provide information due to physical or mental illness. Three selected wards in Dhaka city were included in this study, with a total sample size of 120. A self-administered pre-tested questionnaire prepared in English was used for data collection. Data were presented as mean ± SD, with prevalence rates as percentages. Tests of significance and cross-tabulation were used to determine the relation between socio-demographic characteristics and antibiotic use. Results: The study revealed that among the respondents, 68(56.7%) used antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription (self-medication). In this study, a total of 112(93.33%) respondents used antibiotics, while only 8(6.67%) did not use antibiotics. 32(47.1%) respondents selected antibiotics from a previous doctor’s prescription, and 30(44.1%) based their choice on the community pharmacist’s recommendation. Among the respondents, 85(71.4%) used antibiotics due to fever, 47(39.5%) due to cough, 39(32.8%) due to diarrhea, and 37(31.1%) due to aches and pains. Out of the 120 respondents, the majority, about 72(60%), had poor knowledge, followed by 40(33.3%) who had satisfactory knowledge, and only 8(6.7%) who had good knowledge. A statistically significant association was found between self-medication and the level of knowledge (P-value <0.05), level of attitude (P<0.05), and level of education (P<0.05), underscoring the profound impact of these factors on antibiotic use. Conclusion: In conclusion self-medication with antibiotics is prevalent among the general public in Dhaka city. We need to implement a robust educational program to increase awareness about the negative impacts of using antibiotics without a doctor's prescription. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):69-77
Copyright (c) 2025 Nafisa Ahmed, Md. Alimur Reza, Md. Ashiqur Rahman, Arifa Akram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adverse Events Following Immunization with EPI Vaccines among the Children of an Upazilla Health Complex in Bangladesh
Background: In Bangladesh, the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is the most successful and cost-effective public health initiative, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality in children under five, despite the inevitability of some adverse events following immunization (AEFI). Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the AEFI of EPI vaccines among the children of an Upazilla Health Complex. Methodology: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 178 conveniently selected parents of children aged ≤18 months who received EPI vaccines within the past 3 months at the EPI corner of Nabiganj Upazila Health Complex, Habiganj, Bangladesh. From July to December 2023, a pretested face-to-face, semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview study participants at their convenience. The questionnaire was generated by the socio-demographic profile of children, the children's birth history profiles, and The AEFI status of children's EPI vaccinations during the study period. Results: The EPI vaccine had been given to all children, and all of them had suffered known adverse effects. After following vaccination, 61.2% of vaccine recipients experienced adverse effects from the BCG vaccine, 38.8% from Pentavalent, 20.8% from IPV, 5.6% from PCV, 2.8% from MR, 1.7 from OPV, and 0.6% from the measles vaccine. Fever (97.8%) and injection site abscess (16.9%) were the most frequent adverse effects. In 97.2% of instances, adverse effects occurred within 24 hours, and 89.3% of instances had adverse effects that persisted <7 days. Only 1.7% of the children' parents informed the EPI center about adverse effects. After getting treatment, 99.4% of them recovered, while 0.6% persisted. Among all stated AEFI cases, no one was hospitalized or died. Conclusion: In order to mitigate morbidities, health education and promotion initiatives should be put into place to raise parents' comprehension regarding AEFI. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):78-84
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurunnabi Mohammad , Mohammad Nurunnabi, Tanmoy Das Tanu, Farzana Akter, Tawfima Islam, Md. Hafiz Ehsanul Hoque, Md. Shibbir Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Host Interleukin 8 Promoter Polymorphism with Helicobacter pylori induced Gastritis among Bangladeshi People
Background: Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis involves dense mucosal granulocyte infiltration, driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-8 (IL-8), with cytokine gene polymorphisms influencing secretion levels. Objective: The study investigated the association of IL-8–251 A/T polymorphism (Three genotypes: A/A, A/T, T/T) with gastroduodenal diseases in Helicobacter pylori infected patients. Methodology: This was a prospective observational study that recruited gastritis patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations at the outpatient department of Gastroenterology at Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Former: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU)) and Dhaka Medical College Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from 2015 to 2020. Patients who received Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment in the previous 2 months, elderly individuals aged more than 65 years and those who had severe medical or surgical illnesses or had used proton pump inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colloidal bismuth compounds, or antibiotics within 4 weeks of enrollment were excluded from the study. The Helicobacter pylori infection was identified using a rapid urease test, PCR of the ureC gene, and histological examination. Grading of gastritis was diagnosed through histopathological analysis and was graded as normal gastric mucosa (Grade - 0, I), Chronic gastritis (Grade-II), and Chronic active gastritis (Grade-III). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene polymorphism at the -251 position was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: The frequencies of IL-8 T/A, A/A genotypes and A carrier were significantly higher in the Helicobacter pylori -infected population, whereas T/T genotypes were predominant among the counterparts (P =0.001). The IL-8 A allele carriers with Helicobacter pylori infection had an increased risk of developing gastritis (P=0.003). Most Grade III gastritis patients (93.7%) were infected with Helicobacter pylori. The frequency of A carrier was much higher (93.3%) than the T/T genotype among Helicobacter pylori -infected chronic active gastritis patients (Grade III), whereas the T/T genotype was observed in 100.0% of Helicobacter pylori-negative Grade III gastritis population. Conclusion: The Helicobacter pylori-infected patients carrying the A allele may increase the risk of gastritis, whereas the T/T genotype is protective. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):85-92
Copyright (c) 2025 Ritu Saha, Sharmeen Ahmed, Mohammad Mahtab Uddin Bhuiyan , Md Abdullah Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Three-Dimensional Quantitative Anatomy of the Arterial Bed and the Renal Pelvis-Calyx System in Women
Background: Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) anatomical relationships of the renal arterial system and the renal pelvis-calyx complex is essential for improving surgical planning and reducing complications in urological procedures. Objective: The purpose of the study was to reveal the patterns of the three-dimensional quantitative organization of the branches of the renal artery in relation to the elements of the renal pelvis-calyx system in women. Methodology: The study was conducted on 64 corrosion specimens of kidneys from deceased women aged 22 to 75 years who died of causes unrelated to the urinary system. Extra-organ and intra-organ branches of the renal arteries were identified and analyzed in relation to the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal planes. Quantitative-morphological analysis was performed on kidneys with two, three, and four excretory sectors. Data were processed using variation statistics methods with Microsoft Excel. Age-related differences were examined across mature, elderly, and senile groups. Results: The renal artery, in the majority of instances, divides into a pair of branches (20, 22.0% of cases across age groups), while it splits into three branches and shows superior/inferior variants with less frequency (3, 5.0%). Across all age demographics, 15.2% of cases systematically manifested both anterior and also posterior pelvic branching. Spatial analysis indicated anterior, posterior branching predominated inside two-sector kidneys (75, 80%), anterior, posterior including upper, lower divisions remained equally represented throughout three-sector kidneys, and anterior, posterior branching prevailed beyond 77.0% of cases throughout four-sector kidneys. Statistically meaningful age-related disparities remained unidentified. Conclusion: The study evinces that when one scrutinizes 3D renal artery branching patterns quantitatively, the analysis furnishes clinically valuable preoperative planning information for women as well as strengthens the accurate visualization and modeling tools' development to improve diagnostic precision and surgical safety. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):93-98
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamil Akbaev, Islam Vagabov, Edgar Kafarov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence and Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh
Background: COVID-19 infection has had an extensive effect on people's lives around the world, and pregnancy causes significant immune suppression, making women more vulnerable, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) among conveniently selected 150 pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) scale was used to construct this semi-structured questionnaire for data collection during the study period. Results: Pregnant women stipulated a high rate of depression (86.7%), anxiety (78.0%), and stress (75.3%). The majority of them reported moderate stress (48.0%), extreme severe anxiety (29.3%), and moderate sadness (36.0%). Stress was higher among those who completed secondary education, worked in the private sector, had a nuclear family, had a lower household income, had a history of planned contraception, no history of normal or caesarean section or abortion, and had irregular ANC. Anxiety was higher in the 18 to 19 year old age group, private service holder, nuclear family, urban setting, low household income, primigravida, no history of planned contraception, no history of caesarean section or abortion, history of normal birth, and early gestation. Depression was higher in the age group 20 to 29 years, completed primary education, private service holder, nuclear family, and less household’s income. Conclusion: This study reveals that higher prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among pregnant women. To improve the quality of life, factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress should be addressed. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):99-107
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurunnabi Mohammad , Sara Khan, Imtiaz Habib, Sayeda Mukta Chowdhury, Nazem Al Qureshee Rafat, Farzana Akter, Naznin Akter Nizum, Saima Bibi, Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adapting Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders and HIV in Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has strengthened the challenges that individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) face and that those living with HIV experience thus this underscores the need for more adapted psychosocial interventions in post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and explore psychosocial interventions regarding SUDs and HIV to improve treatment effectiveness along with continuity of care in the post-pandemic context. Methodology: This mixed methods design with three phases was applied. The phases included: (1) review systematically of literature about psychosocial SUD and HIV interventions from 2010 to 2023; (2) interviews qualitatively using methods semi-structured with 20 professionals and 20 patients to find adaptations and barriers during the pandemic; and (3) survey quantitatively with 200 patients (120 with SUDs, 40 with HIV, and 40 with both) measuring outcomes, satisfaction, and engagement of treatment. The Treatment Engagement and Retention Scale (TERS), and also the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8), and additionally the Brief Addiction Monitor (BAM), plus the HIV Treatment Adherence Scale (HTAS) were all standardized tools that were used for it. Results: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and contingency management are psychosocial interventions that greatly reduced how often and how severely people used substances (p < 0.01). Among participants that had HIV, participants did adhere in relation to antiretroviral therapy while improving from 60% up to 85%, thus reducing viral load markedly (p < 0.01). Qualitative findings stressed telehealth was effective overall. They also showed treatment approaches involved personalization such that social support networks strengthened even now. The participants highlighted major benefits that include greater access along with continuous care showing much satisfaction. Conclusion: Psychosocial interventions can be adapted by way of a telehealth integration, in terms of a personalized care, as well as with respect to an improved social support systems. This gives one useful method for better recovery results for persons who are having SUDs as well as HIV after COVID-19. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):108-115
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisuluu Shailoobek Kyzy, Zhyldyz Bakirova, Marina Zhorobekova, Nurgul Musaeva, Erik Orozaliev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection of Surface Virulence Factor Genes and Molecular Typing of Klebsiella pneumonia by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae possesses virulence genes (fimH, mrkD, wabG, wcaA, magA) that contribute to its high pathogenicity, ability to cause infections in the community and hospitals, as well as its antibiotic resistance and difficulty in treatment. Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of some virulence genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae in local clinical isolates in Baqubah, Iraq and identified local strains and their relationship to each other using ERCI-PCR. Methodology: A total of 285 clinical samples (urine, wound swabs, sputum, vaginal swabs, burn swabs, and blood) were collected from patients attending health centers and outpatient clinics in Baqubah, Iraq, between March to May 2024, Samples were transported to the laboratory within 2 hours and processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of the University of Diyala. PCR was used to detect virulence genes. ERIC-PCR was used to identify local isolates' molecular profiling. Genetic relationship was determined by Past Software. Results: Twenty-four (8.42%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were identified by morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics. The frequency of fimH, mrkD, wabG, wcaA and magA genes was 58.3%, 91.6%, 37.5%, 4.1% and 0.0% respectively. Molecular typing of 24 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using ERIC-PCR revealed 11 different Geno patterns, including four clons and seven single isolates. Conclusions: In conclusion, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying high levels of the fimH and mrkD genes, which contribute to biofilms production, increase their resistance to antibiotics. ERIC-PCR showing genetic relationships between local isolates and helps in epidemiological surveillance to identify the spread of strains. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):116-124
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahar Hussain Rashid, Ali Jaffar Saleem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Present Status of Fish Seed Production at Chapai-Nawabgonj, Northern part of Bangladesh
Background: Chapai-Nawabgonj is located in the northern part of Bangladesh and is an important region for aquaculture, where fish seed production currently plays a vital role in both the local economy and sustainable fisheries development. Objective: The general objective of the study was to assess the present status of fish seed production in Chapai-Nawabgonj, a northern district of Bangladesh, to understand its current practices, challenges, and potential for development. Methodology: This study was designed as a descriptive and field-based survey to assess the current status of fish seed production. The research was conducted in various hatcheries and fish farms located in Chapai-Nawabgonj, situated in the northern region of Bangladesh. The study period spanned from January 2024 to December 2024, covering both peak and off-peak seasons of fish seed production. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, personal interviews with hatchery owners and workers, and direct observation of hatchery operations. Secondary data were also gathered from local fisheries offices and previous reports. The collected data were then analyzed to evaluate the production techniques, challenges faced, and potential areas for improvement. Results: The study revealed that fish seed production in Chapai-Nawabgonj is growing steadily and plays an important role in the local aquaculture sector. Most hatcheries are operating with limited technological advancement and face challenges such as inadequate training and financial support. Seasonal variations significantly impact seed availability, with shortages commonly observed during the off-season. Key problems identified include poor water quality, disease outbreaks, and lack of modern hatchery management practices. Overall, there is strong potential for enhanced fish seed production through better training, infrastructure, and policy support. Conclusion: In conclusion, fish seed production in Chapai-Nawabgonj holds significant potential for growth and it requires improved technical support, training, and infrastructure. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):125-133
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abdur Razzaq Joadder, Md. Raqibul Islam, Md. Faraq Hossain, Md. Habibur Rahman, Mst. Mohsina Khanom, Md Asifuzzaman Shourav, Mst. Sayera Khatun, Most.Lubna Akther, Dil Afroza Khanom, Md. Al-Amin Sarkar, Mst. Ayesha Siddika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Post Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes Related to the Renal Seromarkers of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Background: Urinary albumin excretion is recognized as an early marker of renal dysfunction and has been associated with adverse renal outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Objective: The purpose of this present study was to assess the development of contrast-induced nephropathy among patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology at the National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute (NHFH & RI), Dhaka, from August 2021 to July 2023. A total of 164 consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled and categorized into two groups based on urinary albumin excretion: microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria (MA) was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 30–300 mg/g in a random spot urine sample. The relationship between pre-procedural microalbuminuria and the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy was further assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Among the 164 patients, 67 (41%) had microalbuminuria and 97 (59%) had normoalbuminuria. The mean uACR was significantly higher in the microalbuminuria group (73.75 ± 5.6 mg/g) compared to the normoalbuminuria group (16.24 ± 6.43 mg/g). contrast-induced nephropathy developed in 24 patients (36%) in the microalbuminuria group, whereas only 15 patients (16%) in the normoalbuminuria group experienced contrast-induced nephropathy. ROC curve analysis identified a uACR threshold of 223.17 mg/g as the optimal cut-off for predicting contrast-induced nephropathy, with the best balance of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: In conclusion, pre-procedural microalbuminuria is significantly associated with an increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):134-140
Copyright (c) 2025 AKM Mohiuddin Bhuiyan, KAM Mahbub Hasan, Adneen Moureen, Md. Kamrul Hasan, Md. Zobayer, Shahnaz Choudhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Oral Mucosal Health: Secondary Bacterial Infections in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Background: Juvenile diabetes or Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) mellitus is an autoimmune-mediated disease resulting in insulin deficiency, and it is the second most frequent disease in children. T1D also affects the oral health of a child. Objectives: This current work was undertaken to characterise and compare the salivary microbiome of children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and healthy controls while evaluating the influence of oral environmental factors such as DMFT index, salivary flow rate, and buffering capacity. Methodology: The study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry and Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, during the period from October 2023 to March 2024. A total of 20 children (10 healthy individuals, 10 with TID) were selected. Detailed case history and DMFT/DMFS index were recorded. The saliva sample was collected from all patients and was analysed for pH and flow rate. The samples were processed for microbiological evaluation using routine microbiological procedures, and the isolated bacteria were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests. Results: Among 20 children, 10 (50%) had Type 1 Diabetes and 10 (50.0%) were healthy controls. The mean DMFT score was higher in the diabetic group (3.8 ± 1.03) compared to controls (2.8 ± 1.03), with a significant difference (p <0.05). Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity were lower in diabetic children (p < 0.01). The mean CFU count was higher in the diabetic group (20 ± 3.13) than in controls (11.4±2.46), showing significant variation (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Children with Type 1 Diabetes showed altered salivary microbiota, reduced salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and lower pH, resulting in higher DMFT scores and bacterial counts compared to healthy children. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):141-150
Copyright (c) 2025 Susant Mohanty, Subhajit Patra, Shakti Rath, Rupsa Das, Sourav Palai, Debidatta Singhsamanta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Current Trend of Febrile Illness in Bangladesh: An Escalating Public Health Challenge
Abstract Not Available Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):1-2
Copyright (c) 2025 saif munshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Obstructive Shock due to Cardiac Tamponade Secondary to Tubercular Massive Pericardial Effusion in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis on Tofacitinib Therapy: A Case Report
Pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Because of the limited amount of space in the pericardial cavity, fluid accumulation leads to an increased intrapericardial pressure which can negatively affect heart function. A pericardial effusion with enough pressure to adversely affect heart function is called cardiac tamponade. Pericardial effusion usually results from a disturbed equilibrium between the production and re-absorption of pericardial fluid, or from a structural abnormality that allows fluid to enter the pericardial cavity. Tuberculosis involvement of the pericardium is well-known and can result in pericardial tamponade apart from other sequelae like constrictive pericarditis. Tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) is due to hypersensitivity to tuberculin protein produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and develops in 1-2% of pulmonary TB cases, representing about 1-2% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Complications occur in the form of acute pericarditis (4%) and cardiac tamponade (7%), which may require life-saving invasive procedures. Risk factors include diabetes, substance use disorder, HIV-positivity, renal insufficiency, biological or immunosuppressive therapy, and exposure to regions with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reactivation is a well-known risk associated with immunosuppressive therapies employed in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Tofacitinib, an approved medication for AS that inhibits Janus kinases, has been associated with an elevated risk of TB reactivation. Here we report a case of 40 years old male, who is a known case of ankylosing spondylitis on tofacitinib therapy presented with short duration of fever and acute onset breathlessness. Urgent echocardiography shows cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis was performed immediately and more than one-liter hemorrhagic fluid drained. Patient was put on anti-tubercular treatment with oral steroid after adenosine deaminase positivity and gene X pert TB positivity in exudative pericardial fluid. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):167-173
Copyright (c) 2025 Richmond Ronald Gomes, Siam Moazzem, Tohura Sharmin, Abir Bin Sajj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bioinformatics-Driven Vaccine Design for Trematodes: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Trematodes, or flukes, are parasitic flatworms that cause neglected tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, and paragonimiasis, affecting millions worldwide and burdening public health and livestock industries. Control currently relies on chemotherapy with drugs such as praziquantel and triclabendazole, but reinfection, emerging resistance, and challenges in sustained elimination underscore the urgent need for vaccines. Vaccine development, however, remains difficult due to the parasites’ complex biology, multi-stage life cycles, and immune evasion strategies. Traditional empirical vaccine approaches have achieved limited success, but bioinformatics now offers transformative opportunities. Immunoinformatics enables systematic mining of genomic and proteomic data, prediction of immune-relevant antigens, cost-effective narrowing of candidates, and even cross-species applications. Key challenges remain, including stage-specific antigen diversity, parasite immune evasion, gaps between in silico predictions and in vivo validation, host genetic variability, and limited resources in endemic regions. Future prospects include integrating multi-omics data, applying artificial intelligence for improved predictions, and advancing novel platforms such as mRNA and nanoparticle vaccines. A One Health strategy targeting both humans and livestock could further enhance impact. Harnessing these approaches may finally enable effective trematode vaccines and sustainably reduce their global disease burden. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):174-180
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Noor Tanzeem, Md Abdullah Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
New Detection of Reovirus in Humans in Bangladesh: A Potential Zoonotic Concern
Reoviruses are non-enveloped viruses with segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes that are members of the Reoviridae family. These viruses may infect a wide range of hosts, including people, mammals, birds, and reptiles, and are widely known for their diversity and zoonotic potential. Bangladesh announced the first verified cases of Reovirus infection in humans in January 2025, which might be a public health concern. Five patients were confirmed to be infected with Reovirus. All exhibited mild to moderate symptoms, with full recovery observed in each case. Epidemiological analysis suggests a zoonotic origin, with potential transmission linked to exposure to raw date palm sap, a known reservoir for bat-borne viruses. The identification highlights the need for more monitoring, better diagnostic tools, and public health awareness, especially in rural regions where close animal-human interaction is more prevalent, even though the clinical results were not severe and not dangerous. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):181-184
Copyright (c) 2025 Majedul Hoque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Immunization against Mpox infection is coercive: A timely call
Mpox or monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Recently, Mpox has been on the rise, and its multi-country spread has alarmed health officials throughout the world. Vaccination is essential for the prevention and management of mpox cases because there is currently no particular cure against the mpox virus. The current mpox epidemic calls for urgent action in the form of immunization. However, the smallpox vaccine and a newer vaccine named Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine are effective against the disease. JYNNEOS vaccine is approved to be used in mpox cases. However, its efficacy and wide-scale production are still a matter of concern. The ACAM2000 vaccine, which also protects against both smallpox and mpox though it has severe adverse effects. Only an effective vaccination can drastically lower mpox infection and death rates. Safe and effective vaccines, along with their equitable distribution, are vital for global health. This article explores the importance of addressing this challenge. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):185-188
Copyright (c) 2025 Iftekhar Ahmed, Rayhan Ahamed, Lazima Faiah Bari, Md. Yusuf Shanto1, Md. Rafat Tahsin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Scabies Prevalence and Management in Bangladesh: A Narrative Review
A parasitic skin illness, scabies disproportionately affects underprivileged population. Significant morbidity is brought on by the illness, which also includes immune-mediated illness and serious bacterial infections. Sarcoptes scabiei is an obligatory parasite of human skin, is the cause of the infectious illness scabies. People of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds are impacted by the disease. Direct contact with an infected individuals and personal objects like clothing and bed linens are the primary ways that the infection is spread. The etiology of scabies in Bangladesh is linked to environmental pollution, poor living conditions, personal hygiene, water sanitation, and socioeconomic profile. Thus, the goal of this review was to represent the prevalence of scabies, its contributing causes, illness characteristics, diagnosis and management, and other relevant things. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):151-158
Copyright (c) 2025 Rasel Ahmed, Majedul Hoque, Md. Nahid Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epidemiological Insights and Current Perspectives of Leprosy in Sri Lanka: A Narrative Review
Sri Lanka eliminated leprosy as a public health problem in 1995. From 2001 onward, the caseload remained stable followed by a gradual decline between 2014 and 2019. Except for the COVID-19 pandemic years, approximately 2,000 new cases have been consistently reported each year. This review examines Sri Lanka's historical leprosy control strategies, including social marketing campaigns and the integration of leprosy care into the general healthcare system, which contributed to the elimination of the disease. It also highlights the support provided by the WHO and the country's renewed commitment to ongoing control efforts. Despite significant progress, Sri Lanka continues to face challenges in leprosy control, including a rise in child cases and potential drug resistance, revealing gaps in surveillance and control efforts. The current leprosy situation is affected by delayed diagnoses, incomplete treatments, and disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of resilient healthcare systems and targeted interventions. Looking forward, priorities include early detection, treatment adherence, addressing socio-economic factors, and investigating environmental and genetic contributors to transmission. Achieving the goal of zero leprosy in Sri Lanka by 2030, which is a realistic and attainable goal, will require reliable diagnostics, vaccine development, sustained public awareness, and ongoing innovation, vigilance, and collaboration. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2025;12(1):159-166
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhagya Deepachandi, Ishani Aluthgamage, Maheshi Thilakarathna, Sakuni Sathsarani, Gayathri Pabodha, Jananie Kottahachchi, Indira Kahawita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0