A journal sponsored by the Ibn Sina Trust. Full-text articles available. NLM ID=101563859 Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences is included on DOAJ. Journal Metrics CiteScore Tracker 2024: Updated on April 05, 2025 1.5 = 886 Citations to date / 583 Documents to date Powered by Scopus ResearchGate Journal Impact (2013): 0.62 Scimago Journal Rank (2024): 0.278 WoS Report 2022-2023: Impact Factor 2022: 0.9 [The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is a journal-level metric calculated from data indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection.]
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Empowering Communities: Health Equity through Authentic Leadership
Abstract not available BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 375-384
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Faiza Mohd Tohit, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Objective To evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies with T2DM analyzing pharmacological treatments, lifestyle modifications, and postpartum care to identify effective interventions for managing complications and improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Materials and Methods A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize evidence on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and pregnancy outcomes, complications, and management strategies. Comprehensive database searches (PubMed, Cochrane, DOAJ) using targeted keywords identified 5,068 records, narrowed to 17 highly relevant studies. Results and Discussion A systematic review of 17 studies, including 6 RCTs, explored maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Interventions included glycemic control (fasting glucose: 70- 95 mg/dL, postprandial: 100-140 mg/dL), metformin, insulin therapy, and lifestyle modifications like physical activity and dietary counseling. Maternal complications included preeclampsia (2-48%), gestational hypertension (8–21%), and excessive gestational weight gain. Fetal outcomes appeared with elevated threats of macrosomia (13%), preterm delivery (up to 85%), and neonatal hypoglycemia despite the fact that metformin decreased the chances of macrosomia and weight gain. Interventions done after delivery such as OGTT and weight control prevented the development of T2DM. Conclusion: The study provided evidence that Type 2 diabetes has repercussions on the results of pregnancy stressing on the need to control glycemia, the use of drugs, measures at the level of lifestyle and at the level of the postpartum period. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page : 385-399
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahlo Abduzhabarova, Ainur Dossanova, Rimma Bazarbekova, Tamara Ermakhanova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oral Health in a Changing Climate: A Scoping Review of Global Evidence
Climate change is being recognized as a determinant of human health, yet its impact on oral health is underexplored. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on the impact of climate change on oral health and dental practice and highlight key knowledge gaps. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Dimensions databases and supplemented by manual screening of the references of included studies. In total, 23 articles were included. Most of the articles published after 2019 reflect the field’s emerging nature. The evidence indicates that climate change affects oral health through multiple direct and indirect pathways, including environmental and biological mechanisms. Vulnerable groups- children, older adults, low-income populations, rural communities, and those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are identified as being at more substantial risk. The findings suggest that the field is in an early conceptual stage, characterized by narrative and opinion-based literature and limited empirical research. The evidence also suggests a bidirectional relationship: while climate change affects oral health and dental services, dental practice itself contributes to environmental burden. Although plausible pathways are well described, causal evidence remains scarce. This review highlights the need for interdisciplinary, empirical research, greater attention to under-studied regions, and integration of oral health into climate adaptation and sustainability policies. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 400-412
Copyright (c) 2026 Namrata Dagli, Mainul Haque http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Post-Exercise Window of Susceptibility to Infection: A Literature Review
Objective It is well-established that physical activity offers numerous health benefits; however, it should be performed with appropriate intensity and frequency. This literature review aims to explore the impact of irregular and intense exercise on immune function, with particular emphasis on the “post-exercise window of susceptibility” to infections. Materials and Methods Relevant articles were identified through a targeted search of the PubMed database, focusing on studies examining the effects of exercise on immune function. Selection was based on relevance to the topic and aimed to provide a broad overview of current perspectives. Discussion The current literature indicates that intense physical exertion is associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and hormonal imbalances, all of which appear to contribute to a temporary suppression of immune function. This immune suppression is often manifested by an elevated incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, the literature highlights the protective role of regular, moderate physical activity in promoting long-term immune resilience and reducing the risk of infection. By comparing the short-term immune challenges induced by intense effort with the long-term benefits of consistent training, this review provides a balanced understanding of how exercise influences immune health. Conclusion Structured and sustainable physical activity practices are essential for optimizing immune function while avoiding the temporary immune suppression associated with irregular and excessive exercise BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 413-422
Copyright (c) 2026 Agata Stebel, Julia Ligoda, Alicja Gładysz, Maciej Zamorski, Franciszek Mach, Radosław Machaj, Gabriela Ragan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance of Different Radiographic Modalities in Identifying Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background Radiographic diagnosis of odontogenic cysts and tumors requires proper diagnosis to facilitate successful treatment. Although many types of imaging modalities exist, the relative diagnostic performance of these modalities is not well established. Methods This paper sought to review the literature on the effectiveness of panoramic radiography, CBCT, and CT to detect these jaw lesions. It was a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. After a thorough search in four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) that were published between 2015 and 2024, 8 eligible comparative studies were found. The information on diagnostic accuracy and significant imaging findings was retrieved. ROBINS-E was used to assess risk of bias, and meta-analyses (random-effects with subgroup) were conducted. Results It was shown that CBCT has a major advantage over panoramic radiography in terms of diagnosis, and the studies showed a substantial increase in accuracy (e.g., 70.4% to 85.2%). CBCT has always offered better visualization of such critical features as cortical perforation and root resorption. On the contrary, the efficacy of CBCT and MDCT was similar regarding the bony assessment. Subgroup analysis showed that comparison type (CBCT vs. Panoramic vs. CBCT vs. MDCT) explained more than 76% of the heterogeneity of the results observed. Mixed jaw lesions had strong evidence but inconclusive evidence of individual organizations, such as ameloblastoma. Conclusion CBCT is a better choice over panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of odontogenic lesions since it gives a better 3D detail that increases diagnostic accuracy and surgical planning. It is as efficient as MDCT and with a lesser amount of radiation in most of the bony assessments. Its functions of distinguishing between certain forms of lesions need further research. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 423-435
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaled M Alzahrani, Nasser Raqe Alqhtani, Fawaz Alqahtani, Mahmud Uz Zaman, Khalid Ayidh Alqahtani, Wajdi A Mohammed (Bin), Abdullah Ayed Alanazi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban China’s Long-Term Care Landscape: A Narrative Review of Current Practices and Emerging Trends
Background As a consequence of the One-child Policy (1979–2015), China is confronting a rapidly aging population 1. This demographic transition imposes significant pressure on the existing long-term care (LTC) system, which remains inadequate in addressing the escalating demand. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to develop a more efficient and sustainable LTC model. This literature review examines recent practices and innovative advancements within the LTC system in urban China Design and methods This narrative literature review employed an iterative search approach to identify relevant literature and key subtopics. A total of 257 articles met the inclusion criteria, all of which were reviewed. The findings were analyzed and compared across the selected studies. Results This review analyzed 81 studies, 50 in English and 31 in Chinese. The findings highlight several critical challenges facing China, including demographic aging, shrinking family sizes, a rising elderly dependency ratio, caregiver shortages, and concerns over financial sustainability. Published literature emphases key emerging trends, including the growth of home- and communitybased care (HCBC), healthcare–LTC integration, and innovative models like smart LTC and time banks to alleviate workforce and resource pressures. Conclusions In response to profound demographic shifts, China’s LTC landscape is undergoing a transformation from traditional family-based care to publicly supported long-term care services. This transition has spurred rapid development of HCBC, positioning it as a cornerstone for aging in place model. Moving forward, establishing an LTC model that is both efficient and sustainable will be essential to meeting the diverse and growing needs of China’s aging population. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 436-445
Copyright (c) 2026 Haibin Shi MHMS, Linfei Chen Bianca Shieu, Ariel Shensa, Faina Linkov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidants Effects on Human Sperm Cryopreservation: A Scoping Review
Background Sperm Cryopreservation has become a routinely used procedure in assisted reproductive technology. This procedure keeps sperm preserved for later use for patients who will undergo chemotherapy, have ejaculation problems, and many other medical indications. This procedure allows the patients to preserve their fertility potential for having their offspring in the future by storing the sperm in a very low temperature of liquid nitrogen. However, this technique raises some concerns regarding the reduction in post-thawed quality. This adverse effect is caused by thermal shock, osmotic shock, and oxidative stress during the freezing and thawing process. Among these, oxidative stress is considered the primary factor contributing to the significant decline in post-thawing sperm parameters. The administration of antioxidants during cryopreservation is promised to have beneficial impacts on cryopreserved semen. Objective This review focused on discussing the beneficial impacts of antioxidant supplementation in human sperm cryopreservation. Methods We conducted a scoping review by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). This review focused on discussing the beneficial impacts of antioxidant supplementation in human sperm cryopreservation. Results From 444 records, 17 articles have been selected and extracted from four databases: Wiley, Ebsco, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Conclusion The results indicated that the use of antioxidants, including both natural and synthetic ones, provides beneficial effects and better reproductive results for cryopreserved human sperm. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 446-458
Copyright (c) 2026 Meidona Nurul Milla, Dicky Moch Rizal, Mulyoto Pangestu, Dewajani Purnamasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hypertension is a chronic condition that develops due to genetic and environmental factors. Primary hypertension exists independently of all other diseases, which develop as a result of genetic influence and modification by environmental conditions. Genetics, epigenetics, age, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and arterial aging represent the most critical risk factors for primary hypertension. In addition, genetic variants were believed to contribute importantly to hypertension development. Genetic expressions are influenced by several factors, including but not limited to chemicals, aging, dietary factors, and drugs, through different epigenetic processes that may yield different epigenetic patterns even among monozygotic twins. Several studies have established that alterations in these epigenetic processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hypertension. The current review provides an overview of the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with hypertension (HTN). Since DNA methylationbased biological age metrics may lead to improvements in early intervention approaches to hypertension, their use in further research could not only enhance but also significantly contribute to the development of personalised prevention strategies and treatment methods. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 459-466
Copyright (c) 2026 Meyrem Osum, Rasime Kalkan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Teaching in Medical Education Towards Holistic Learning with Clinical Relevance
Integration of teaching in medical education is increasingly used to reduce isolation of disciplines and make learning more clinically meaningful across the entire medical program. Integration refers to program-level design of curriculum that purposefully connects basic sciences, clinical sciences, population health, ethics and professionalism across the spectrum of teaching and assessment. Two core approaches of integrations are horizontal integration which links disciplines within the same phase and vertical integration which links foundational and clinical learning across the course. Potential benefits include stronger perceived relevance, improved coherence of learning, earlier development of clinical reasoning, and better preparedness for clinical work when integration is aligned with active learning and assessment strategies. Implementation requires careful curriculum mapping with blueprinting, faculty development, interdepartmental coordination, and assessment redesigned to avoid overload and unintended stressors. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 467-472
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdus Salam, Sakiinah Binti Hasan, Nuraini Che Aziz, Khaleed R Algantri, Belqees Ahmed Qaid Allaw, Thuzar Han, Mahmood Bin Abu Yusoof, Mehboob Alam Pasha, Hamida Begum, Khaled Mat Hassan, Muhd Khairi Bin Mohd Taibi, Jamaludin Zainol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Approximate Dynamic Programming for MEDEVAC Dispatch Optimizationunder Catastrophic Flood Conditions: A Case Study of the Gharb Region, Morocco
When floods inundate Morocco’s Gharb plain, roads vanish and communities are isolated, turning medical evacuation into a desperate race against time. In these mass-casualty events, the deployment of aerial vectors—helicopters and other aircraft—becomes the only viable lifeline. However, coordinating limited air assets amidst shifting floodwaters, stranded populations with varying injury severities, and overwhelmed hospitals presents an immense logistical puzzle.This study introduces an adaptive optimization model designed to solve this puzzle in real time. Framed as a sequential decision problem, our approach dynamically manages the dispatch, rerouting, and repositioning of air ambulances across the disaster zone. The system continuously accounts for triage-prioritized casualty lists, aircraft positions and flight times, and the fluctuating availability of medical treatment facilities.We trained the model using two machine learning techniques—Random Forest and Gradient Boosting—and tested it against three catastrophic flood scenarios in the Gharb region, including a simulated once-in-a-century event generating over eight thousand evacuation requests. Results show that our approach consistently outperforms standard decisionmaking rules, improving the speed and priority of casualty transport. By learning which decisions save the most lives, the model consistently prioritizes the most critically injured. This work provides Moroccan emergency services with a practical, data-driven tool to enhance disaster response, ensuring that when the waters rise, the chain of survival remains unbroken. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 473-486
Copyright (c) 2026 Badr Eddine BADI, Oussama BOUAZAOUI, Yassine DAHOU, Faycal MIMOUNI, Rabii EL GOMRI , Driss SERROU http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Myiasis in a neglected and immunocompromised middle aged patient: a rare case report
Maggot (Dipteran larva) infection in living tissue is termed as Myiasis. It is found to be most common in tropical countries in rural and suburban locations, involving populations of low socioeconomic strata and immunocompromised neglected patients. Traumatic or wound myiasis involving skin is the most common site, however it may involve other sites like oral, nasal, intestinal and urogenital system etc. We are reporting here a case of 51 years old male, who had previous history of untreated diabetes mellitus and currently presented with an ulcerated lesion over upper back which was infested with maggots. Excision of the mass was done and a diagnosis of chronic maggot infection (Myiasis) was rendered histologically. The determinants of infestation were immunocompromised status due to poor glycaemic control, ignorance and improper wound care. Myiasis is a preventable complication and care needs to be taken for prompt treatment and more awareness about the disease. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 655-658
Copyright (c) 2026 Madeeha Khan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Report: Electroacupuncture Therapy Combined with Oral Supplements for Male Infertility
Background Male infertility accounts for half of the reported infertility cases worldwide. Acupuncture serves as an alternative therapy for treating gynecological disorders and improving sperm quality. Case presentation We present two Indonesian male infertility patients, aged 32 and 29, diagnosed with oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia, respectively. Both patients underwent electroacupuncture (EA) therapy twice a week for 12 sessions and took oral supplements such as coenzyme, L-carnitine, and alpha-lipoic acid once daily for six weeks following the initial EA therapy. Sperm analysis was conducted before and after EA therapy. Conclusion Our findings suggest that EA therapy and oral supplements may complement conventional treatments for male infertility. However, additional studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of EA therapy in enhancing sperm quality and fertility outcomes in male infertility patients. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 659-665
Copyright (c) 2026 Uki Retno Budihastuti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Orthodontic Consideration in Pierre Robin Sequence Patient: a Case Report
The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a rare condition that affects 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 8,500 people. In this condition, it is not always possible for the mandible to attain its normal size, shape, and orientation. Several cephalometric studies have reported the distinctive lower jaw morphology of PRS, with a small ramus of the mandible and a steep mandibular plane. This case report will discuss a female patient diagnosed with PRS and found to have a retrognathic mandible with teeth crowding and deep bite. The patient had a convex profile, obtuse nasolabial angle, deep mentolabial sulcus, and recessive chin. Dental analysis revealed a deep bite with Angle’s Class II molar relationship. Cephalometric examination showed a class II skeletal pattern due to a retruded mandible and hyper-divergent mandibular plane. The patient was treated with a pre-adjusted edgewise orthodontic fixed appliance, cross-elastic, bonding button, and GIC to correct a crossbite, then mandibular surgical advancement with genioplasty. After a surgical recovery period of two weeks, the patient was seen in the postsurgical orthodontics department for a total of two months. After the treatment, the patient had achieved good functional occlusion, characterized by normal overjet, overbite, and adequate intercuspation, class I molars and canines relation on both sides of the mouth, nearly coincident midlines, and normal proclination of mandibular and maxillary incisors. Cephalometric measurements showed maxillary clockwise rotation and mandibular anticlockwise rotation and advancement, both of which contributed to an improved facial profile, which led to the elimination of vertical skeletal excess and corrected the recessive chin. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 666-675
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Majeed Al Mogbel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Levels of Enzymes Involved in Polyamine Synthesis in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifactorial disease characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure and progressive vascular remodeling. Polyamines are implicated in cell proliferation and vascular pathology. While elevated polyamine levels have been observed in PH, the expression of key enzymes involved in their biosynthesis ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and agmatinase (AGMAT) has not been thoroughly examined across PH subtypes. Methods This cross-sectional study included 78 individuals: 21 controls and 57 PH patients categorized into Group 1 (PAH), Group 2 (PH due to left heart disease), and Group 3 (PH due to lung diseases or hypoxia). PH diagnosis was based on current ESC/ ERS guidelines. Serum levels of ODC, ADC, and AGMAT were measured using ELISA. Echocardiographic and laboratory parameters were also recorded. Results While intergroup comparisons among PH subtypes did not reveal significant differences in enzyme levels, patients in all PH groups exhibited numerically higher ODC and ADC levels compared to controls. Mean ODC concentrations were 12.8 ± 8.6 ng/ mL in controls and ranged from 17.0 ± 11.8 to 18.4 ± 12.4 ng/ mL in PH groups. Similarly, ADC levels were elevated in PH groups (83.4 ± 53.8 to 87.6 ± 55.8 ng/mL) compared to controls (70.8 ± 26.9 ng/mL). AGMAT levels showed no significant differences. Group 1 PH patients received targeted therapies per current guidelines. Echocardiographic assessments confirmed expected hemodynamic distinctions across groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest a potential upregulation of polyamine biosynthesis in PH, particularly via ODC and ADC pathways. Although not statistically significant, these trends support a metabolic contribution to PH pathophysiology. Further research with larger cohorts’ studies is needed to validate these enzymes as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 487-495
Copyright (c) 2026 Birnur AKKAYA, Serkan KAPANCIK2, Anıl ŞAHİN, Recep AKKAYA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predicting Young Users’ Adoption of mHealth Services: Evidence from a Developing Country
Mobile health (mHealth) services are revolutionizing healthcare in developing nations, yet adoption among young users remains low despite increasing digital access. This study integrates the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2(UTAUT-2) and the Information Systems Success (ISS) Model to explore adoption drivers in Bangladesh, replacing ‘price value’ with ‘intrinsic value’ to better assess user motivation. Surveying university students and analyzing data via PLS-SEM, findings show performance expectancy, intrinsic value and ISS factors (information, system and service quality) significantly boost satisfaction. Surprisingly, effort expectancy had little impact, likely due to high digital literacy. User satisfaction strongly predicted continued mHealth use intention. The study offers both theoretical contributions to technology adoption literature and practical guidance for developers and policymakers to improve mHealth engagement among young users. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 496-506
Copyright (c) 2026 Afruza Haque, Rasheda Akter Rupa, Farjana Nasrin, Most Sadia Akter, Shafiqur Rahman, Md Mazharul Alam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thymoquinone and cancer treatment: A scientometric analysis
Background Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound derived from Nigella sativa, has gained attention for its multifaceted therapeutic potential, particularly its significant anticancer properties. Objective This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to evaluate the global research landscape on TQ’s impact on neoplasms. Methods A bibliometric analysis was performed using data from the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases, covering the years 1997–2024. A total of 896 studies authored by 3695 researchers and published across 485 sources were included in the analysis. The study assessed publication trends, key contributors, institutional productivity, and thematic areas of focus. Results The scholarly output on TQ and cancer exhibited an annual growth rate of 14.53%, peaking in 2021. The journal Molecules was the most prolific in terms of publication count, whereas Cancer Research garnered the highest local citations. Leading institutions such as the Egyptian Knowledge Bank and King Abdulaziz University were identified as major contributors. Collaborative research comprised nearly 20% of the total output. Mechanistically, TQ was shown to exert anticancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and disrupting key processes such as migration, invasion, and epigenetic modifications. Importantly, TQ demonstrated a non-toxic profile in normal cells, underscoring its potential for combination therapies. Conclusion This bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights into global collaboration networks, influential researchers and institutions, and evolving thematic trends in TQ-related cancer research. The findings establish a foundation for future studies aimed at optimizing and expanding the therapeutic applications of TQ in oncology. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 507-517
Copyright (c) 2026 Alireza Afshar, Nadiar M Mussin, Madina A Kurmanalina, Ramazon Safarzoda Sharoffidin, Amin Tamadon http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Qualitative Rapid Detection of Sus scrofa DNA using Loop- Mediated AMPlification (LAMP) Isothermal Assay for Halal Food and Drug Detection at the Point-of-Care
Background Halal authentication is critical in Muslim-majority markets, where pork contamination raises significant religious and regulatory concerns. Biomolecular techniques have been widely employed for halal detection in foods and drugs; however, challenges remain in sample handling, method validation, data interpretation, and technical limitations. Objective This study developed a modified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detecting Sus scrofa DNA across various meat matrices at various dilutions. Methodology Specific modified LAMP primers were designed using the D-loop mitochondrial region. DNA was extracted from pork meat and nonpork meat using modified protocols. The LAMP assay’s sensitivity was tested down from 10-fold to 100,000-fold dilution. PCR reactions were done on the same sample with various dilutions as confirmation. Results Our modified LAMP with specific primers detected Sus scrofa DNA qualitatively and quantitatively with high specificity and no crossreactivity as sensitively as PCR reactions. It detected qualitatively and quantitatively Sus scrofa DNA up to 100,000x dilution (0.00286 ng/ μL), exceeding PCR’s detection limit. Visual detection with HNB dye showed clear color changes in the LAMP reaction, easing the rapid qualitative detection of Sus scrofa DNA, making LAMP an effortless and rapid screening for non-halal food or drugs. Subsequently, our results have shown that the sensitivity and the specificity of LAMP reactions compared to the PCR reactions are 100% and 100%, respectively. Thus, compared to PCR, LAMP was faster, highly sensitive, highly accurate, and field-deployable in the point-of-care setting. Conclusion LAMP is a sensitive, cost-effective, and equipment-independent technique suitable for qualitative adulteration detection in field and low-resource settings at the point-of-care. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 518-525
Copyright (c) 2026 Flori R Sari, Chris Adhiyanto, Mella Ferania, Rizkiani Juleshodia Wulandari, Nur Inayah, Sri Harini, Imam Tazi, Arif Zamhari, - Suryani, Wiwis Sasmitaninghidayah, - Muthmainnah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A new Health Information Computer Support Tool for Doctors in Asia: Pubmed, Illustrated with Two Examples
Background Research, laboratory-based or clinical, is essential for development of all countries. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) analyses small particles and is related to magnetic resonance imaging of humans. Dengue fever is an infectious disease of humans. Objective This investigation is based on the idea to study the role of MRS and opportunities to use the internet for clinical support in the low-income country Cambodia. Methods The biomedical research database PubMed was employed to quantify number of publications of MRS and dengue fever research in Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and United States of America (USA). Gross domestic product (GDP) and dengue fever case numbers were obtained from reference resources. Correlation analysis was used. Results 4 MRS research publications were identified for Cambodia (minimum 0 for Laos and maximum 42602 for USA). Cambodia had a GDP of 29.96 billion USD (minimum Laos 19 billion USD and maximum USA 25462.7 billion USD).The correlation coefficient between MRS research publications and GDP was 0.9727.Cambodia had 9, Laos 0, Vietnam 16 and USA 106 dengue fever research publications. Cambodia had 12500, Laos 32364, Vietnam 361813 and USA 1188 dengue fever cases. The correlation coefficient between Dengue fever research publications and Dengue fever cases was -0.2022. Conclusion MRS research in Cambodia is limited. MRS research in the investigated countries in Asia and USA is related to country GDP and wealth.High numbers of country Dengue fever cases did not predict a high number of Dengue fever research publications in the studied countries. Pubmed can guide medical doctors in lowincome countries with research planning of infectious diseases and other clinical questions. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 526-531
Copyright (c) 2026 Florian Pilsczek http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of speed-strength qualities of boys doing karate
Aim is to increase the level of development of speed-strength abilities of 13-14-year-old boys who do karate. Material and methods The pedagogical experiment was conducted in 2024 at the Moscow Olympic Reserve Sports School, the Karate department. The study involved 68 boys aged 13-14. Classes in the karate section were held 3 times a week for 90 minutes. The speedstrength qualities of the core muscles were determined by lifting the body in the sitting position for 1 minute, the speed-strength qualities of the leg muscles were determined using the shuttle run 3*10 m, and the speed-strength qualities of the arm muscles were determined using the test of flexion and extension of the arms in the prone position for 1 minute. Results After the pedagogical experiment, the speed-strength qualities of the 13-14-year-old children participating in the study increased in both groups. Children from the control group, who trained according to the standard program, increased their core muscle indicators from 43.4±5.1 to 46.7±4.1, the increase is 7.1% (p>0.05), in the shuttle run test the indicators improved by 8.3% from 9.1±0.8 to 8.4±0.6 (p>0.05), and the speed-strength qualities of the arms became higher by 8.8%, the average results increased from 19.8±4.2 to 21.7±3.9 (p>0.05). Children from the experimental group, who also trained according to the standard karate program, but at the same time performed special sets of physical exercises for 20 minutes after the warmup, were able to significantly improve their speed-strength qualities. The core muscle indices increased from 42.2±3.9 to 48.9±4.6, the increase is 13.7% (p<0.05), in the shuttle run test the indicators improved by 16.5% from 9.2±0.5 to 7.9±0.7 (p<0.05), and the speed-strength qualities of the arms became higher by 22.9%, the increase in average results from 19.5±2.2 to 25.3±4.3 (p<0.05).Conclusion:The proposed sets of physical exercises are recommended for the development of speedstrength qualities in the training process of boys aged 13-14 who do karate. It is recommended to perform sets of exercises 3 times a week for 20 minutes. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 532-538
Copyright (c) 2026 Georgiy Polevoy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of 12 Weeks of Interval Training on Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Dental Students
Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing due to sedentary lifestyles, with dental students particularly at risk due to prolonged sitting during study and clinical practice. This study examined the effects of interval training on body composition in overweight and obese dental students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Methodology Thirty-three participants classified as overweight (BMI 23.0– 27.5 kg/m²) or obese (BMI >27.5 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to either the control (n=17) or exercise (n=16) group. Body composition was assessed pre- and post-intervention, with baseline calorie intake recorded through a 24 h diet recall. The 12-week interval training programme was conducted three times per week, progressively increasing in duration every four weeks. Data were analysed to compare changes between and within groups. Results No significant differences were observed between the control and exercise groups in BMI (p=0.267), body fat percentage (BFP, p=0.957), lean mass (LM, p=0.746), resting metabolic rate (RMR, p=0.589), or waist-hip ratio (WHR, p=0.631) post-intervention. Similarly, within the exercise group, BMI (p=0.590), BFP (p=0.833), LM (p=0.944), RMR (p=0.584), and WHR (p=0.384) remained unchanged. Conclusion: The 12-week interval training did not significantly impact body composition parameters, likely due to the moderate exercise intensity, short duration, and lack of dietary control. Future studies should integrate structured dietary monitoring to enhance weight management outcomes. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 539-547
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursharlina Sharan, Nuranis Nabilah Shaperi, Pui Yee Lee, Norhafizah Saari, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Nur Syamsina Ahmad, Nurulezah Hasbullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Health Motivations beyond Subscribing in Nutrition Clinics in the Southern Governorates, Jordan
Objectives This study aimed to explore the health motivations of clients who subscribe to nutrition clinics in the southern governorates of Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 395 participants who subscribed to nutrition clinics in three Southern Governorates of Jordan including Aqaba, Ma’an, and Al- Karak. Participants were interviewed and the data was collected regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, physical activity, registration duration, and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, responses were collected from participants using validated questionnaire concerning their health motivations beyond subscribing in nutrition clinics. Data were analyzed using SSPS (version 25). Results Findings of the study revealed the responses of participants to questions of the questionnaire were mostly “Agree” or “Strongly Agree”. Furthermore, the mean score of responses for the whole questionnaire was 4.28 ± 0.40, which reflects very high level of perception among participant regarding health motivations of subscribing in nutrition clinics. The mean scores of responses among participants were significantly higher in females and participants who had work in comparison to their counterparts. In addition, results have shown significant differences in mean scores of responses among corresponding subcategories for the variables of monthly income, registration duration, and BMI with highest scores among participant with monthly income > 600 JOD, registration duration (1- 2 years), and normal BMI, respectively. Conclusion: Jordanians in Southern Governorates reflected high level of perception the health services of nutrition clinics. Studies including further factors and different geographical regions are highly recommended to clarify the bight face of nutrition clinics. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 548-557
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed O Ibrahim, Nisreen Al Dmour, Ibrahim R Dabbour http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) on Caspase - 3 Expression and the number of Apoptotic Cells in T47D Cancer Cell Culture
Background Cancer is reason death number two in the world. Bitter melon has component bioactive that shows potency activity anti-cancer. Extract bitter melon fruit is known as anti- cancer in human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, Objectives: Objective study in vitro, knowing caspase 3 expression and amount cells undergoing apoptosis in the given T47 D cell culture extract bitter melon. Methodology Study experimental laboratory with post-test only randomized control group design.T47 D cell culture samples group control and group treatment each as many as 3 wel with density 5x10 4 cells /100 μl, each well filled with T47 D cell culture density cells 5x10 4 cells /100 μl, given extract ethanol bitter melon fruit dose ½ IC 50. IC50 and 2 IC50, incubation for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the Coverslip is removed and carried out painting immuno cytochemistry for see expression caspase -3 and Fluocytometry for see the number of cells undergoing apoptosis Data on caspase 3 expression were tested with One-way anova test and Post hoc test. Fluocytometry data, served in a way descriptive. Result The IC50 dose resulted in a value of 269.4 μg/mL. The average expression of caspase-3 in T47D cell cultures was 15.23+2.05 in the control group, 21.17+1.44 in the half IC50 dose group, and the highest in the IC50 dose group was 23.28+2.25. The lowest expression of caspase-3 in T47D cells was found in the group with a dosage of 2 IC50, which was 7.58+0.68. The amount of apoptotic cells with Fluocytometry was increased expression . The highest amount of apoptotic cells was found in the 2 IC50 dose group, whereas it was the lowest in the 1/2 IC50 dose group. Conclusion Ethanol extrac of bitter melon fruit has anti cancer activity. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 558-565
Copyright (c) 2026 - Chodidjah, Titiek Sumarawati, Eni Widayanti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A case study employing non-parametric regression to develop a novel triglycerides model based on HDL levels using non-normally distributed data
Background This research models high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride consumption using non-parametric regression, bootstrap resampling, and data splitting into training and testing sets to improve comprehension of their complex connection and inform evidence-based health promotion efforts. Objective The goal of this study is to develop a non-parametric regression model that connects HDL levels with triglyceride levels. This will help make predictions more accurate for HDL levels in the patients that were studied by using diagnostic tools. Materials and Methods When the assumption of linear regression is not satisfied, the model that is constructed may produce biased estimates. To get around this problem, a non-parametric regression model is used in this study, along with an improved bootstrap method to get the best model estimates. In particular, the study uses the Kendall- Theil Sen Siegel slope, a robust estimator, to find the slope of the regression line. This reduces the effect of outliers or values that are too high or too low. This method makes it easy to explore the relationship between variables without having to make rigid assumptions about the parameters. This method was used to split the dataset into training and testing groups. The training dataset will be used to build the model, and the testing dataset will be used to make sure the model works. Result Based on the statistical analysis conducted using R, it was found that the non-parametric regression method performed superiorly in making predictions, particularly in instances where the data didn’t adhere to the assumption of normality. Notably, both the training and testing datasets yielded high R-squared values of 79.2% and 73.6% respectively under the non-parametric regression model. In contrast, when employing simple parametric regression, the R-squared values for the training and testing datasets were 45.89% and 47.29% respectively. A significantly high level of performance was attained using the proposed methodology, as demonstrated by these results. Conclusion The outcome of the research underscores the exceptional performance exhibited by the hybrid model methodology utilized. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 566-575
Copyright (c) 2026 Wan Muhamad Amir W Ahmad, Farah Muna Mohamad Ghazali, Mohamad Nasarudin Adnan, Nor Azlida Aleng, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Nurse Anesthetists in Kazakhstan: A Mixed-Methods Study on Practice, Education, and Policy Reform
Background As Kazakhstan grapples with an increasing demand for anesthesia services, particularly in rural and underserved areas, the role of nurse anesthetists emerges as a potential solution to workforce shortages. However, the integration of nurse anesthetists into the national healthcare system remains underdeveloped. Objective This study explores the current role, training pathways, and perceptions surrounding nurse anesthetists in Kazakhstan, with a focus on identifying barriers and opportunities for role expansion. Methods A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative semi-structured interviews with nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologists, and policymakers, alongside a quantitative survey distributed to 85 healthcare professionals. The study examined perceptions of the role, training experiences, and attitudes toward the integration of nurse anesthetists into anesthesia care. Results The analysis identified four key themes: (1) limited role recognition and utilization, (2) inconsistent training and educational pathways, (3) growing administrative and policy-level support, and (4) mixed professional acceptance. Survey data revealed that 68% of nurses reported insufficient formal anesthesia training, while 72% expressed interest in pursuing specialized nurse anesthetist education. Additionally, 59% of nurses supported expanding the role, but only 34% of anesthesiologists were fully supportive. Regional differences were also noted, with rural areas showing stronger support for the integration of nurse anesthetists. While the role of nurse anesthetists is underutilized in Kazakhstan, there is Conclusion significant interest and growing institutional support for their expanded role. Recommendations include developing standardized training programs, implementing legal reforms, and fostering interprofessional collaboration to ensure safe and effective integration into the anesthesia workforce. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 576-582
Copyright (c) 2026 Aimbetova Gulshara, Issenova Balday, Aitmanbetova Akmaral, Nazym Iskakova, Galina Grebennikova, Assel Jaimbetova, Akhmetov Valikhan, Orakbay Lyazat, Begimbetova Gulshat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of interleukins in the progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis c
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) remains a major global health burden, affecting approximately 58 million people worldwide and causing nearly 400,000 deaths annually due to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to the World Health Organization. Progressive liver fibrosis is a central mechanism leading to these adverse outcomes and significantly reduces patients’ quality of life. Interleukins play a crucial role in the inflammatory and fibrogenic processes associated with HCV infection. Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, contribute to hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen deposition, promoting fibrosis progression. Elevated levels of these cytokines have been shown to correlate with fibrosis severity. Recent studies also highlight the role of IL-33, IL-17, IL-25, and IL-1α as potential biomarkers of liver damage. Understanding cytokine-mediated mechanisms of fibrogenesis may improve early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic strategies in CHC patients. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 583-590
Copyright (c) 2026 Iskakova Aigerim Nabievna, Astrakhanov Akezhan Rustemuly, Nurlanova Gulzhanat Nurlanovna, Kurmangazin Meyrambek Sagnaevich, Kamzina Zauresh, Baubekova Asel, Donayeva Ainur, Rysbekova Gulsim, Bekova Nurgul, Zhenisbek Baubekov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correction of cognitive impairment after stroke using translingual neurostimulation
Background: Stroke is a major public health problem in many countries around the world. In recent decades, the structure of vascular diseases of the brain has been changing due to the increase in ischemic forms. An important aspect of the quality of life and the possibility of self-care for stroke patients is the recovery of post-stroke cognitive impairments. Objectives To determine the effectiveness of using translingual neurostimulation in the recovery period of ischemic stroke in patients with cognitive impairments. Results The analysis showed statistically significant differences between the treatment methods in the main and control group on all assessment scales, which confirms the superiority of the treatment method in the main group. MMSE: the median in Group 1 was 4, which is significantly higher than the median in Group 2 (Me=2), which indicates an improvement in cognitive function in Group 1. NIHSS scale: small scale values indicate a good condition. The median in Group 1 reached -4, and in Group 2-2, which indicates a pronounced decrease in the severity of stroke in Group 1. Bartell scale: the median in Group 1 was 20, which is twice as high as the median in Group 2 (Me=10), indicating high functional independence in Group 1. Merton-Sutton scale: the median in Group 1 was 10, which is significantly higher than in Group 2 (Me=5), which confirms the advantage of treatment in Group 1. Conclusion Translingual neurostimulation is effective, easy to use, and classes can be conducted in a hospital setting and at home after discharge, in the presence of relatives, or on their own. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 591-594
Copyright (c) 2026 Alkhanov Farkhad, Izbassarova Akmaral, Serikbayeva Saltanat, Abassova Gaukhar, Momynova Tursunay, Nurlybayeva Gulnaz, Ormanov Talgat, Kozhabayeva Parida, Tursynbayeva Aigul, Kulbayeva Lira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends in Caesarean Section Rates and Puerperal Purulent–Septic Infections in Kazakhstan: A Five-Year Retrospective Study (2020–2024)
Background The postpartum period involves extensive physiological adjustments, but remains a vulnerable stage for maternal morbidity, particularly from infections. Despite antibiotic prophylaxis, puerperal purulent–septic infections (PSI) persist as clinically significant complications, especially following cesarean section (CS), the most common major obstetric surgery worldwide. Understanding trends in CS and PSI is essential for improving maternal outcomes. Aim To evaluate trends in deliveries, CS rates, and the incidence, clinical characteristics, and complications of PSI in a tertiary maternity hospital in Kazakhstan from 2020 to 2024. Methods A retrospective observational study included 36,317 deliveries over five years. Data on delivery mode, CS type (elective vs. emergency), PSI incidence and type, re-hospitalisation, and associated obstetric complications were extracted from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistics and trend analysis were performed. Results CS rates increased from 23.6% in 2020 to 27.2% in 2024, with emergency procedures predominating. PSI incidence remained low overall but rose from 0.01% in 2022 to 0.20% in 2023–2024. Endometritis was the most frequent infection, followed by wound dehiscence, which increased notably in the final two years. No postpartum sepsis occurred. PSI cases were more common in young, primiparous women and those undergoing emergency CS. Frequent associated conditions included labour abnormalities, fetal hypoxia, chorioamnionitis, obstetric trauma, and premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion Although overall PSI incidence was low, the rising CS rate and wound-related complications underscore the need for strengthened perioperative prevention strategies, targeted risk assessment, and vigilant postoperative monitoring to optimize postpartum outcomes in Kazakhstan. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 595-601
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulnoza Aldabekova, Zaituna Khamidullina, Svetlana Abdrashidova, Aiman Mussina, Gulnara Kamalbekova, Samal Kassymbek, Gulsim Kokisheva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Serum Visfatin as a Predictive Biomarker of Metabolic Dysregulation in Obesity: Correlation with Lipid Parameters and Insulin Resistance
Background and Objective Visfatin is a new adipocytokine primarily released by adipose tissue. It showed to affect both lipid and glucose metabolism and contribute to the chronic inflammatory condition associated with obesity. This study aimed to determine visfatin levels in obese and non-obese adult males and investigate their relationship with selected metabolic markers including insulin resistance and lipid profile. Materials and Methods Blood specimens were taken from 90 adult males categorized into two groups: obese and non-obese. Biochemical parameters were measured, including visfatin concentrations by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a human visfatin ELISA kit, FBG, lipid profile, and hs-CRP using the Cobas 6000 c501 system, and FI using the Cobas 6000 c601 system. Results Serum visfatin levels were significantly elevated in obese subjects. FI, FBG, lipid profile, hs-CRP, HOMA-IR, and DBP are also significantly elevated in obese group. Visfatin showed a significant positive correlation with BMI, WC, FI, FBG, lipid profile, hs-CRP, HOMA-IR, and DBP, but a significant negative association with HDL-C. Conclusion The findings suggest that serum visfatin levels are markedly increased in obesity and are strongly linked with both insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. These results support the potential of visfatin as a predictive biomarker of metabolic dysregulation in obese individuals. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 602-608
Copyright (c) 2026 Sozdar Ayoub Adil, Lina Y Mohammed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors influencing the one-year survival rate of patients after stroke in aktobe region: a cohort study
Background Predictors of stroke outcomes are still poorly understood. In the Kazakh scientific literature, there are only some works considering the determinants of stroke outcomes, despite the high prevalence of this disease. Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of risk factors on the annual survival of stroke patients in the population of residents of the Aktobe region. Methods The cohort study included all cases of cerebral strokes in Aktobe from 01.01.2021 to 01.01.2022(n=754). The survival rate of patients with MI was assessed using the Kaplan-Mayer method with the determination of the difference between the groups using a log-rank criterion. To assess the independent influence of forecast factors on annual mortality, a multidimensional analysis of proportional Coke risks was used. Adjusted relative risks (RR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that the one-year survival rate is 24.8%, and the median survival rate of 40 days is 95% CI (25.9 - 54.1), which does not differ significantly in survival in developed countries. The factors influencing the annual survival of patients with cerebral strokes in Kazakhstan have been determined. Gender, age, hospitalization time and severity of stroke on the GCS scale are closely related to survival at 12 months. Conclusions The factors influencing the annual survival rate of stroke patients in Kazakhstan have been identified. These results can be used to develop treatment and rehabilitation strategies aimed at improving long-term outcomes in stroke patients. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 609-614
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhienalin Ruslan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity and Inflammatory Markers in Ischemic Stroke: A Clinical Study
Background Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Early damage of the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke leads to progressive neuronal death and brain edema. Tight junctions between endothelial cells, including occludins and claudins, are critical for BBB integrity, and their disruption contributes to stroke pathology. Objective To evaluate serum levels of occludin and claudin-5 in patients with acute ischemic stroke and their association with stroke severity, functional outcomes, and vascular risk factors. Methods This prospective study included 88 patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Baseline clinical characteristics, including NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, were assessed. Serum occludin and claudin-5 levels were measured on day one of admission. Patients were stratified by stroke severity (NIHSS) and outcomes (mRS), and subgroup analysis was conducted based on vascular risk factors. ROC curve analysis evaluated the predictive value of occludin and claudin-5 for mortality. Results The average NIHSS score was 10.2 ± 5.30, and the mean mRS score was 3.72 ± 0.97. Serum occludin and claudin-5 levels were 0.09 ± 0.34 ng/mL and 0.07 ± 0.44 ng/mL, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in biomarker levels across NIHSS and mRS groups (p > 0.05), although claudin-5 showed a decreasing trend with worsening neurological and functional status.Patients with heart rhythm disturbances and diabetes mellitus exhibited slightly lower claudin-5 levels, though not significantly. ROC analysis revealed a limited discriminatory capacity of occludin (AUC = 0.525; p = 0.6845) and a moderate performance for claudin-5 (AUC = 0.614; p = 0.0884), with claudin-5 showing better sensitivity–specificity balance. Conclusion Serum occludin and claudin-5 levels did not correlate significantly with stroke severity or functional outcomes but displayed trends suggestive of their involvement in BBB disruption. Claudin-5 may hold moderate prognostic value in mortality prediction. Further large-scale studies are needed to clarify their diagnostic and prognostic potential in ischemic stroke. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 615-622
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhanylsyn U Urasheva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution patterns of cardiovascular disease risk factors among youth in turkestan region of the republic of kazakhstan by gender, age, education level and social status
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide and in Kazakhstan. Understanding the distribution of risk factors among youth is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies. Objective To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among youth aged 14-34 years in Turkestan region of Kazakhstan, stratified by gender, age, education level, and social status. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,496 respondents (males: 647, 43.2%; females: 849, 56.8%) from 21 healthcare facilities in Turkestan region. Structured questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, health status, chronic diseases, and health awareness. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and 95% confidence intervals. Results Overall prevalence of chronic diseases was 32.3% (95% CI: 29.9-34.8%). Obesity was identified in 8.6% (95% CI: 7.2- 10.2%), arterial hypertension in 2.9% (95% CI: 2.1-4.0%), and thyroid disorders in 3.7% (95% CI: 2.7-4.9%). Significant gender differences were observed: males had higher rates of arterial hypertension (3.4% vs 2.6%, p=0.041), while females showed higher prevalence of thyroid disorders (5.2% vs 1.7%, p<0.001) and obesity (10.5% vs 5.9%, p<0.001). Critical gaps in health awareness were identified: only 27.1% (95% CI: 24.8- 29.4%) knew their cholesterol levels, 39.9% (95% CI: 37.3- 42.6%) their blood glucose, and 65.4% (95% CI: 62.8-67.9%) their blood pressure. Education level significantly correlated with health awareness (χ²=142.6, p<0.001). Conclusion The study reveals alarming prevalence of CVD risk factors among youth in Turkestan region with significant disparities based on gender, education, and social status. Urgent implementation of comprehensive prevention programs is needed. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 623-932
Copyright (c) 2026 Yernazarov Adilet http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical and functional features of dilated cardiomyopathy in cancer patients after covid-19 infection
Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains one of the leading causes of chronic heart failure worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the clinical landscape of cardiovascular diseases, revealing new mechanisms of myocardial injury. Patients with cancer represent a particularly vulnerable group due to cardiotoxic anticancer therapies and immune dysfunction. The combined impact of oncological disease, cardiotoxic treatment and SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to rapid progression of heart failure and unfavorable outcomes. Aim To analyze clinical and functional features of dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with oncological diseases after COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods A narrative literature review and clinical case analysis were performed. Contemporary studies on post-COVID cardiovascular complications, inflammatory cardiomyopathy and cardio-oncology were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to mechanisms of myocardial injury and progression of heart failure in cancer patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Recent evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 has a pronounced tropism for cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelium via ACE2 receptors. The main mechanisms of myocardial injury include direct viral cytotoxicity, cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular thrombosis and autoimmune inflammation. Long-term follow-up studies show a significantly increased risk of heart failure, arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy after COVID-19. Cancer patients represent a high-risk population due to cardiotoxic chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiation therapy. The risk of heart failure after COVID-19 in oncology patients increases by 2–3 times, while thromboembolic complications occur several times more frequently. The presented clinical case illustrates rapid progression of heart failure and fatal outcome in a patient with DCM after COVID-19 infection, consistent with the phenotype of post-COVID inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 infection should be considered an independent trigger of dilated cardiomyopathy progression. Cancer patients represent an extremely high-risk group due to synergistic myocardial injury caused by cardiotoxic therapy and post-COVID inflammatory mechanisms. Early cardiovascular risk stratification and multidisciplinary management are essential to improve outcomes in this patient population. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 633-638
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulzada Nurgaliyeva, Irina Volchkova, Almagul Kauysheva, Sayakhat T Olzhayev, Baurzhan Zh Adjibayev, Karlygash N Tazhibayeva, Ainur M Sadykova, Raikhan Muratbekova, Mira Zhunissova, Barno T Kamelzhanova, Assel D Sadykova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk assessment of the educational environment and the learning process of medical university students
Background Medical education is characterized by high academic intensity, substantial cognitive and emotional demands, and prolonged exposure to psychosocial stressors. The educational environment has been recognized as a key modifiable determinant influencing student well-being, academic performance, and early professional burnout. However, evidence synthesizing educational environment–related risks within a public health framework remains fragmented. Aim To systematically review and meta-analyze available evidence on risks associated with the educational environment and learning process among medical students, focusing on psychosocial stress, burnout, and perceived quality of the educational environment. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 2009 and 2024. Eligible studies assessed educational environment characteristics (e.g., DREEM), academic stress, burnout, and student well-being. Random-effects metaanalysis was applied to estimate pooled prevalence and associations. Results A total of 1,248 records were identified, of which 42 studies were included in qualitative synthesis and 31 in meta-analysis, encompassing 26,824 medical students from 23 countries. The pooled prevalence of burnout among medical students was 37.23% (95% CI: 32.66–42.05; I² = 98%). High academic stress was reported by approximately 51% of students. Mean DREEM scores ranged from 95.8 to 113.8, indicating predominantly “more positive than negative” perceptions. Metaregression demonstrated that educational environment indicators explained 38.7% of the variance in burnout and stress outcomes. Conclusion: The educational environment of medical universities constitutes a significant psychosocial risk factor affecting student well-being. Risk-oriented assessment of educational settings should be integrated into public health strategies for medical education to support sustainable workforce development. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 639-647
Copyright (c) 2026 Karlygash Zhilkibaeva, Aza Galayeva, Karlygash N Tazhibayeva, Amil Suleimanov, Gulzada Nurgaliyeva, Dinara Shaki, Saulemai Bekeyeva, Laura Seiduanova, Assankyzy Gulnazym, Almagul Kauysheva, Assel D Sadykova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rapidly Progressive Multisystem Autoimmune Disease in an Adolescent Male: A Fatal Case of Overlapping ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Complicated by Acute Kidney Injury and Multiorgan Failure
Background Rapidly progressive autoimmune diseases in pediatric populations pose substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to aggressive clinical courses, multisystem involvement, and frequent overlap between immunological syndromes. The coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ANCA-associated vasculitis in adolescents is rare and associated with severe renal injury, cardiovascular complications, and high mortality. Objective To describe a fatal case of fulminant multisystem autoimmune disease in a 14-year-old male characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, severe cardiac dysfunction, respiratory failure, and sepsis. Methods A retrospective descriptive analysis was performed using hospital records from tertiary referral centers. Clinical history, laboratory and immunological findings, imaging studies, specialist consultations, treatment strategies, and disease progression were systematically reviewed. Results The patient developed acute kidney injury stage F according to RIFLE criteria in the context of overlapping SLE and ANCAassociated vasculitis. The disease course was complicated by progressive multiorgan failure involving renal, cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and hematopoietic systems. Despite renal replacement therapy, immunosuppressive treatment, and advanced intensive care support, the patient died due to refractory metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure, and septic shock. Conclusion This case highlights the extreme aggressiveness of pediatric autoimmune overlap syndromes and emphasizes the importance of early immunological evaluation and prompt initiation of targeted therapy. The fatal outcome reflects both the fulminant nature of the disease and current limitations in managing advanced multisystem autoimmune involvement. BJMS, Vol. 25 No. 02 April’26 Page: 648-654
Copyright (c) 2026 Bolsyn Assel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0