Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2016; 11: S110-S115

Available Online: 6 March 2016

DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11iS1.26410

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and its association with vascular endothelial growth factor, microvessel density and clinicopathologic characteristics of colorectal carcinoma

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase type-2 (COX-2) and its association with angiogenesis and clinicopathologic characteristics of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). COX-2 expression was detected by means of immunohistochemistry in a series of human tissue samples with CRC (n = 120), dysplasia tissue closely adjacent to carcinomas (n = 40) and normal colorectal mucosa (n = 40), and their expressions association with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31-labeled micorvessel density(MVD) in CRC and other clinicopathologic characteristics were investigated. The expression of COX-2 in CRC tissues (78.3%) was obviously higher than that in adjacent tissue and normal mucosal tissue (p<0.01). COX-2 expression was correlated significantly with the grading, advanced cancer, Dukes stage and lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and VEGF (p<0.05). Our result demonstrates that COX-2 expression was significantly higher in earlier stages of CRC. It can be suggested that COX-2 expression may be important in the initial development of CRC. The findings of the present study suggest that COX-2 overexpression in CRC may be considered as a negative prognostic marker.

Introduction

Cellular conditions such as hypoxia lead to increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. COX-2 is an inducible enzyme that interferes with tumor development and angiogenesis, related to the inhibition of apoptosis through inhibition of the proapoptotic bax protein and overexpression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein (Miglietta et al., 2010; Yi et al., 2014).

Recently, it has been reported that COX-2 is implicated in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in many cancers, including CRC. The aberrantly express COX-2, and that raised tissue levels of COX-2 may have prognostic value. Patients expressing high levels of COX-2 can develop local recurrence, and have reduced disease-free and disease-related overall survival (Dixon et al., 2013; Miladi-Abdennadher et al., 2012). However, other studies did not report significant correlations between COX-2 expression and histopathological parameters or disease-free survival in breast cancer (Kelly et al., 2003; Ranger et al., 2004).

Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and metastasis of major solid tumors (Kopczyńska and Makarewicz, 2012). High levels of angiogenic factors and histologic evidence of increased tumor neovascularization through microvessel density (MVD) measurement are considered to have important prognostic value for various solid tumors, with increased risk of disease dissemination and tumor mass development. MVD may be an indicator of malignancy and represent the angiogenic potential of the neoplasm (Kopczyńska and Makarewicz, 2012). However, the precise implication of COX-2 and angiogenesis in CRC and their associations with invasion and metastasis of CRC has not yet been studied.

In the present study, we investigated the significance of COX-2 and vessels recognized by CD31 as endothelial markers by immunohistochemical staining in 120 cases of curatively resected CRC and analyzed the relationship between COX-2, ki-67, MVD expression with standard prognostic parameters, such as size, grade, metastases, and patient survival, in order to study the clinical and pathological characteristics associated with invasive CRC.

Materials and Methods

Patients

In this study, the expression of COX-2, VEGF, MVD and ki-67 were measured by immunohistochemical ultrasensitive method (S-P method) staining in 120 cases of primary CRC, 40 cases of dysplasia tissue closely adjacent to carcinomas, and 40 cases of normal colorectal mucosa specimens with complete clinical data from 2002 to 2015. All the clinical and follow-up information were reviewed and evaluated and their relationship with well-known clinicopathological factors such as tumor size, grade, lymph node status and stage were investigated in CRC patients. One hundred twenty patients diagnosed CRC were collected during excision surgery at Rizhao People’s

Results

Clinical features and follow-up date

In 120 cases of CRC patient, the age was 22-79 years (median 53 years); 81 cases were male, 39 cases were female. Tumor size was 0.2~9.5 cm. 20 cases were dukes A, 36 cases were dukes B, 50 cases dukes C, and 14 cases dukes D. 42 cases were lost to follow-up, 78 cases were followed-up, including 18 patients alive, 54 patients died of CRC, 6 patients died of other reasons.

COX-2 express and relationship with clinicopathological factors

COX-2 express in different groups

In CRC tissues, cancer adjacent tissues and mucosal tissues, COX-2 expression was located in the tumor cell cytoplasm. The expressions of COX-2 in different groups were shown in Table I. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed COX-2 expression in CRC tissue was significantly higher than that in dysplasia and normal colorectal mucosa specimens (p<0.05). The expression of COX-2 in the examined CRC tumors tissue was 78.3% (94/120) with moderate positive to strong some degree of positivity. In cancer adjacent tissues and mucosal tissues, COX-2 was weekly expressed only 25.0% (10/40) and 10.0% (4/40), respectively. The expression of COX-2 in colorectal cancer tissues obviously was higher than the expression in adjacent tissue organizations (χ² = 18.755, p = 0.000) and normal mucosal tissue (χ² = 29.511, p = 0.000), the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01, respectively), but COX-2 in cancer in expression than in heterogeneous organization of bowel mucosa tissue of expression, but the difference of COX-2 expression was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.693, p = 0.405).

COX-2 expression in CRC different histological grade groups

The expression of COX-2 in the high grade carcinoma (67.6%) was higher than that in low grade cancer (95.7%), the difference was statistically significant (χ² = 6.591, p = 0.010; Table II).

COX-2 expression in CRC different Dukes staging groups

Comparison with CRC dukes A and B stage group, the difference of COX-2 expression in CRC with dukes C and D group was statistically significant (χ² = 6.104, p = 0.014). The difference wasn’t statistically significant between CRC dukes A and B groups (χ² = 0.124, p = 0.727), between CRC dukes C and D groups (χ² = 0.013, p = 0.910), as shown in Table II.

COX-2 expression in CRC different infiltrating depth

The expression of COX-2 in advanced cancer was significantly raised (44.4% vs 84.3%), and with a statistical significance than that in early cancer (χ² = 4.925, p = 0.027), p<0.05.

COX-2 express in different lymph node status groups

The expression of COX-2 in the group with lymph node metastasis (90.6%) was higher than that in the group without lymph node metastasis (64.3%) (χ² = 6.104, p = 0.014), and there were significantly statistically significant between the two groups, p<0.05.

Comparison of biomarker levels to COX-2 express

The TSGF and CEA serum levels in COX-2 positive and negative groups in 120 cases of CRC patients were shown in Table III. There were no significantly difference among the two groups (p>0.05, respectively ).

COX-2 and VEGF expression and CD31-labeled MVD assessment in CRC

The positive rate of VEGF expression and MVD in CRC (65.0%, 50.9 ± 21.4) was higher than that in colorectal dysplasia tissue (15.0%, 21.3 ± 11.6), and normal colorectal mucosa (15.0%, 20.8 ± 10.2) (p<0.05). The VEGF expression in COX-2 positive group was higher than those in COX-2 negative group, there were slightly correlated with CD31 staining MVD, MVD in COX-2 positive group was higher than those in COX-2 negative group, but there were no significantly statistically significant between the two groups (p>0.05).

Survival analysis

Patients were monitored for survival from 2006 to 2015 through telephone communication and periodic returns to the rizhao people’s hospital. Follow-up information was available for 78 of the patients. 17 patients relapsed, and 54 patients died during the course of the follow-up period. Overall survival was defined as the period (months) between surgical removal and death caused by the neoplastic process. The patients whose deaths occurred from any other cause were not taken into account. Patients were censored if the follow-up period was less than 6 months. For COX-2 expression, the patients were divided into negative and positive two groups. For MVD, the patients were also classified two groups according to the median values: Median 30 or below, median more than 30. Considering only the COX-2 expression, survival was found to be longer in negative group than that in positive group, and there were slightly statistically significant between the two groups (p<0.05). Other factors which may be associated with COX-2 in CRC, which should be investigated in further studies.

Discussion

In our study, there was positive correlation in over-expression of COX-2 in CRC with histological high grade (III), lymph node metastasis and CRC dukes A and B stage group. There was positive correlation in overexpression of COX-2 in CRC with histological high grade (III), lymph node metastasis and CRC dukes A and B stage group. COX-2 catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE2 and enhances the metastatic phenotype tumors. PGE2, the catalytic product of COX-2, may promote tumor development and angiogenesis. It has been investigated in several human cancers and also correlated with the evolution of the disease. In our study, our results revealed that patients with increased COX-2 expression have shorter survival times. A slightly correlation between COX-2 expression and prognostic factors in CRC suggesting that increased COX-2 expression was related to worse prognosis, as observed in the survival analysis in our study. We suggest that the difference between COX-2 expression in the CRC may related to the differentiated behavior of these tumors, confirming the association between the COX-2 expression and disease aggressiveness. Besides showing shorter overall survival, it was verified that COX-2 expression correlated sight positively with CRC, suggesting a worse prognosis. In our study, we have observed shorter survival in patients whose tumors expressed more COX-2. Therefore, there are possibility of using COX-2 inhibitor anti-inflammatory drugs to treat mammary tumors.

Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and metastasis of major solid tumors and has been correlated with prognosis in human cancer (Kopczyńska and Makarewicz, 2012; Thielemann et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014). VEGF capable of promoting angiogenesis exerts an important effect in the process of genesis, development, metastasis and recurrence of various tumors. In the process of tumor genesis and development, tumor regenerative capillaries capable of providing nutrients for tumor cells and favorable conditions for distal metastasis are the precondition to induce the local growth, infiltration and distal metastasis of malignant tumors, hence, how to inhibit tumor angiogenesis is a new research hotspot at present (Thorat et al., 2013). VEGF, one of the key factors to promote tumor angiogenesis and with the strongest function and highest specificity, can not only promote the proliferation of endothelial cells, but also regulate and participate in angiogenesis (Thorat et al., 2013). Due to an intimate association with genesis, development, metastasis and infiltration, it is an important indicator to judge the cancer metastasis and infiltration in clinic (Koyama et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013). In the study, VEGF expression in CRC (65.0%) was higher than that in colorectal dysplasia tissue (15.0%) and normal colorectal mucosa (15.0%) (p< 0.05).

We also investigated the prognostic significance of CD31 and MVD assessed based on the number of CD31-positive vessel in various tissues of CRC and epithelium adjacent to the lesion. In our study, we investigated the prognostic significance of MVD assessed based on the number of CD31-positive vessel in various tissues of CRC and benign lesions and epithelium adjacent to the lesion. The results showed that MVD in CRC was higher than that in colorectal dysplasia tissue and normal colorectal mucosa (p< 0.05). The MVD in COX-2 positive group was higher than that in COX-2 negative group, there were slightly correlated with MVD. Tumor angiogenesis and its clinical significance have been studied in a variety of neoplasms. Angiogenesis contributes to the pathogenesis of various cancer, and microvessel density may improve our ability to predict CRC extension. Microvessel densities are significantly greater in the primary tumors of patients with metastatic disease than in those without metastases. When we assessed overall survival and angiogenesis, our results suggesting that angiogenesis is essential for the development and evolution of neoplastic disease, resulting in shorter overall survival and worse prognosis. Our results support that MVD recognized by CD31 is closely relevant to lymph node metastasis and recurrence of CRC, and act as a valuable indicators of prognosis. MVD-CD31 may be useful as a predictor for the recurrence of CRC and may have a specific association with the development of locoregional. In CRC, the potential application of MVD recognized by CD31 as tumor angiogenesis markers, useful for cancer diagnostics and clinical application, is anticipated. We suggest that the increased expression of MVD in tumors indicates a higher risk of development and dissemination of the disease.

Conclusion

COX-2 expression was significantly higher in earlier stages of CRC. It can be suggested that COX-2 expression may be important in the initial development of CRC. The findings of the present study suggest that COX-2 overexpression in CRC may be considered as a negative prognostic marker.

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