Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ziziphus spina-christi against scopolamine-induced anxiety in rats

Abstract

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Ziziphus spina-christi extract against anxiety related behavior induced by scopolamine. Rats were randomly divided into six groups, each group consists of eight rats. Vehicle group received distilled water, negative control received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and positive control received diazepam (1 mg/mL). Experimental groups received Z. spina-christi extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg IP) 30 min after scopolamine injection. Anxiety related behaviors were assessed using the elevated plus maze. The rotarod test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Administration of Z. spina-christi extract (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the open arm of elevated plus maze. The extract also reduced the percentage of closed arms entries and time spent in the closed arms. Different concentration of Z. spina-christi extract didn’t affect motor coordination and balance. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi significantly ameliorate scopolamine-induced anxiety.

Introduction

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the general population. Studies have indicated that about one in four people experience an anxiety disorder sometime in their life (Rector et al., 2008). Everyone feels anxiety but severe and chronic anxiety are abnormal and problematic. Prolonged anxiety can lead to sleep disturbance, fatigue, insomnia, and physical problems (Khodami et al., 2011). It accelerates premature aging and contributes to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases (Shawa et al., 2007).

Anxiety disorders can be treated with certain medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy. Benzodiazepines are among the most commonly prescribed medications to treat anxiety. However, the use of benzodiazepines has been limited due to their possible adverse effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, disorientation, amnesia, breathing difficulties and loss of balance (Rector et al., 2008). They can also cause physical dependence and the cost of treatment with them is considerable (Kheirkhah et al., 2008). Thus, researcher’s attention has been shifted toward new drugs without adverse effect. Some medicinal plants and their components have been shown to possess sedative and anxiolytic activity (Bhandari et al., 20014; Dhawan et al., 2001).

Ziziphus spina-christi locally known as sedr in Iran belongs to the botanical family Rhamnaceae. It is a deciduous tree, with spiny branches and small, orange-yellow fruits that widely grows in the south of Iran (Yossef et al., 2007). Z. spina-christi leaves are traditionally used to treat ulcers, wounds, eye diseases, bronchitis and as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat skin disease. The seeds are sedative and are used to halt nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain associated with pregnancy (Ghafoor et al., 2008). Experimental studies have shown that Z. spina-christi has various therapeutic effects such as antibacterial (Dangoggo et al., 2012; Alhakmani et al., 2014), anti-diarrheal (Adzu et al., 2001), anti-cancer (Abdel-Wahhab et al., 2007), anti-fungal (Hadizadeh et al., 2009), anti-hyperglycemic (Glombitza et al., 1994), anti-oxidant (Dahiru et al., 2008), anti-allergic (Naika et al., 2013), anti-inflammatory (Cardozoa et al., 2011) and anti-influenza activity (Hong et al., 2015). The effects of Z. spina-christi extract on the nervous system such as analgesic and anti-depressant activities have also been reported in previous studies (Adzu et al., 2003, Dahiru et al., 2008). There was no study on the anxiolytic activity of Z. spina-christi. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Z. spina christi against scopolamine-induced anxiety.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of hydroalcoholic extract

The leaves of Z. spina-christi were dried under shade at room temperature and finely powdered using an electric mill. The powdered sample was extracted with ethanol 70% by using maceration method. After continues shaking for 7 days, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator (Abdel-Zaher et al., 2005).

Experimental animal

Fifty adult male rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used in this study. Rats were housed under standard laboratory conditions (12–12 hours light/dark cycle at 21 ± 2°C) with free access to food and water.

Experimental group

Rats were randomly divided into six groups with 8 in each. Vehicle group received i.p. injections of distilled water instead of both Z. spina-christi extract and scopolamine. Negative control group received i.p. injections of scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. Positive control group received i.p. injections of diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p) 30 min after scopolamine injection. Extract treated groups received i.p. injections of Z. spina-christi extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) 30 min after scopolamine injection for 21 days.

Elevated plus maze test

The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was used to assess the anxiety-related behavior in rats. The apparatus consists of two open arms (5 × 50 cm), two enclosed arms (5 × 50 × 40 cm) and a central platform (5 × 5 cm). Two arms of each type are opposite to each other. The apparatus was elevated 50 cm above the floor. This animal model of anxiety was unconditional and did not require animal training. Immediately after injection, animals were individually placed in a plexiglass box (40 × 40 × 30 cm) and allowed to explore for 5 min. Each animal was then placed in the central platform facing one open arm. During a 5 min observation period, the number of entries and the time spent in each arm were recorded by observer. Anxiety reduction was indicated by an increase in the percentage of time spent and the number of entries in the open arm (Fernandez Guasti et al., 1999).

Motor coordination and balance

Motor coordination and balance were evaluated using the rotarod task. This device had a rotating rod bar with adjustable speed from 0 to 40 rpm. The rotational speed could be adjusted by changing the position of the movable masses on the bar. In this study the rotational speed was 10 rpm and the acceleration was 7 rpm² which was approximately 10-11 rotations per sec. Rats were first trained to walk on the rotating rod. Two hours after injection, animals were placed individually on the rotating bar and the length of time that each animal was able to maintain its balance was recorded as resistance time. Rats were given three trials using maximum time of 60 sec per trial (Rabiei et al., 2014).

Determination of anti-oxidant activity

Stock solutions of extract and BHT (1 mg/mL in ethanol) were diluted to final concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/mL. Then, 2 mL of DPPH solution (0.1 mM, in ethanol) was added to 2 mL of extract and BHT solutions at different concentrations. After 15 min at room temperature, the absorbance values were measured at 517 nm. The mixture of ethanol (2 mL) and DPPH solution (2 mL) served as control. The scavenging activity percentage was determined by the following equation:

(AA%) = 100 × (A_control - A_sample)/A_control

The anti-oxidant activity was expressed as IC₅₀ (the concentration of extract required to inhibit the formation of DPPH radical by 50%). The IC₅₀ values were determined by plotting the graph with concentrations in x axis and percentage of inhibition in y axis (Rabiei et al., 2014).

Determination of total phenolic content

Briefly, 0.1 mL of diluted extract (0.01 g in 10 mL of 60°C methanol) was mixed with 0.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After 3-5 min 0.4 mL of 7.5% sodium carbonate solution was added to the mixture and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of reaction mixture was measured at 750 nm against distillated water blank. A standard calibration curve was plotted using different concentrations of Gallic acid. The phenolic content was expressed as “mg of Gallic acid equivalents per g of sample (Rabiei et al., 2014).

Determination of total flavonoids content

The amount of total flavonoids in the Z. spina-christi extract was determined using the colorimetric method. The diluted extract (0.5 mL) was mixed with 0.5 mL of 2% aluminum chloride and 3 mL of 5% potassium acetate. After 40 min incubation at room temperature, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 415 nm. A standard curve was prepared using different concentrations of Rutin solution. Total flavonoid content was expressed in mg of Rutin equivalents per gram of dried extract by using a standard curve of Rutin (Rabiei et al., 2014).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ₁₆(SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). Significant differences between means were estimated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey for homogeneous data or Dunnett T3 for non-homogeneous data. Data were presented as the mean ± SE. p<0.05 was considered significantly different.

Results

Effect of extract on the behavior of rats in the elevated plus-maze

As shown in Figure 1A, scopolamine-injection caused a significant reduction in the number of entries into the open arms. Rats in the scopolamine group made significantly fewer entries into the open arms than rats in the control group. Injection of diazepam at a dose of 1 mg/kg into scopolamine-treated rats significantly increased the number of entries in the open arms (p<0.01). Z. spina-christi extract at different doses did not contribute to increase open arms exploration and open arm entry. Z. spina-christi extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of open arm entries compared to the control groups (p<0.01). The amount of time spent in the open arms of the maze is shown in Figure 1B. Scopolamine-treated group spent significantly less time in the open arms of elevated plus maze compared to the control group (p<0.05). Administration of diazepam into scopolamine-treated rats induced an increase in the amount of time spent in the open arms of elevated plus maze. Injection of Z. spina-christi extract at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg into scopolamine-treated rat increased the time spent in open arms, however not significantly. The rats receiving Z. spina-christi extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg spent significantly more time in the open arms of elevated plus maze compared to the scopolamine group (p<0.05). The effect of different concentrations of Z. spina-christi extract on the number of entries and the amount of time spent in the closed arms of elevated plus maze are shown in Figure 1C and D.

According to the results, scopolamine-treated group made significantly more entries in the closed arms compared to the control group. Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam after scopolamine-treatment significantly reduced the closed arm entries (p<0.05). Z. spina-christi at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg decreased the number of closed arm entries. However, these decreases were not significant. As shown in Figure 1D, diazepam-treated and control rats spent significantly less time in the closed arm than scopolamine-treated rats. Z. spina-christi extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg caused a significant reduction in the time spent in the close arm (p<0.05). The extract at doses of 50 and 100 had ability to reduce closed arms entries however not significantly.

Effect of extract on the behavior of rats in the rotarod test

As shown in Figure 2, scopolamine-treated rats had shorter latency to fall from the rotating bar than control rats. Administration of hydro alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) into scopolamine-treated rats slightly increased the time spent on the rotating bar.

Anti-oxidant capacity of the extract

Table I shows the anti-oxidant capacity of Z. spina-christi extract in DPPH method. The IC₅₀ of Z. spina-christi extract was 75.8 μg/mL.

Total phenol and flavonoids contents of the extract

Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of the Z. spina-christi extracts were 800.7, 334 and 488 mg respectively

Discussion

The results of present study showed that the hydro- alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi has some anxiolytic activity. Z. spina-christi extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg increased the time spent in the open arms but did not contribute to increase open arm entries. Z. spina-christi extract also reduced the number of entries and the time spent in the closed arms.

Anxiolytic activity observed for Z. spina-christi extract in our study may be related to the modulation of oxidative stress. Scopolamine has been previously shown to induce oxidative stress in rat brain (Karimi et al., 2015). Oxidative stress is a dominant risk factor associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases and may accelerate aging and anxiety-related behavior (El-Nekeety et al., 2011). It has been reported that plants with high anti-oxidant activity have ability to attenuate oxidative stress (Kumarappan et al., 2012). In the present study, hydro alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi showed good inhibitory potential against DPPH free radicals. Anti-oxidant activity of Z. spina-christi extract has been reported in previous studies. Alhakmani et al. (2014) showed that Z. spina-christi extract has significant anti-oxidant activity and can be used to prevent oxidative stress and related diseases. In the study conducted by Parsaeyan et al. (2001) Z. spina-christi injection into diabetic rats markedly reduced lipid per-oxidation and serum malondialdehyde level (Parsaeyan et al., 2014).

It has been reported that flavonoids and polyphenols show protective effects against oxidative stress-related diseases (Kumarappan et al., 2012). We observed that Z. spina-christi extract contains high amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols. The presence of these components in the Z. spina-christi extract might be responsible for anxiolytic activity (Kumarappan et al., 2012). Adzu et al. (2001) reported that anti-nociceptive activity of Z. spina-christi extract may be related to the high amount of saponin.

The results also showed that, IP injection of hydro-alcoholic extract of Z. spina-christi (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) don’t affect motor coordination and balance. In the study conducted by Adzu et al. (2002), aqueous extract of Z. spina-christi did not exhibit significant effect on the motor performance of the mice. This finding was in harmony with our finding (Adzu et al., 2002).

Conclusion

Z. spina-christi might act to attenuate scopolamine-induced anxiety. The anxiolytic activity observed in this study may be related to anti-oxidant effects of extract.

References

Abdel-Wahhab A, Omara EA, Abdel-Galil MM, Hassan SH, Nada SA, Saeed A, ElSayed M. Zizyphus Spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin b1-intitiated hepatic carcinogenicity. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2007; 4: 248–56.

Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH. Anti-diabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101: 129-38.

Adzu B, Amos S, Amizan MB, Gamaniel K. Evaluation of the anti-diarrhoeal effects of Zizyphus spina-christi stem bark in rats. Acta Tropica. 2003; 87: 245–50.

Adzu B, Amos S, Dzarma S, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K. Effect of Zizyphus spina-christi Willd aqueous extract on the central nervous system in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79: 13–16.

Adzu B, Amos S, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K. Antinociceptive activity of Zizyphus spina-christi root bark extract. Fitoterapia. 2001; 72: 344–50.

Alhakmani F, Khan SA, Ahmad A. Determination of total phenol, in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of seeds and fruits of Zizyphus spina-christi grown in Oman. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014; 4: 656-60.

Bhandari SS, Kabra MP. To evaluate anti-anxiety activity of thymol. JAD. 2014: 136-40.

Cardozoa ML, Ordoñeza RM, Albertoa MR, Zampinia C, Isla I. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity characterization and genotoxicity evaluation of Ziziphus mistol ripe berries, exotic Argentinean fruit. Food Res Int. 2011; 44: 2063–71

Dahiru D, Obidoa O, Evaluation of the anti-oxidant effects of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. leaf extracts against chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2008; 5: 39–45.

Dangoggo SM, Hassan LG, Sadiq IS, Manga SB. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial screening of leaves of Diospyros mespiliformis and Ziziphus spina-christi. J Chem Eng. 2012; 1: 57-62.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 78: 165-70.

El-Nekeety A, Mohamed S, Hathout A, Hassan N, Aly S, Abdel-Wahhab M. Anti-oxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin induce oxidative stress in male rats. Toxicon 2011; 57: 984-91.

Fernandez-Guasti A, Picazo O. Sexual differentiation modifies the allopregnanolone anxiolytic actions in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999; 24: 251-67.

Ghafoor AO, Qadir HK, Fakhri NA. Analysis of phenolic compounds in extracts of Ziziphus spina-christi using RPHPLC methods. J Chem Pharm Res. 2012; 4: 3158-63.

Glombitza KW, Mahran GH, Mirhom YW, Michel KG, Motawi TK. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Zizyphus spina-christi in rats . Planta Medica. 1994; 60: 244-47.

Hadizadeh I, Peivastegan B, Kolahi M. Anti-fungal activity of nettle (Urtica dioica L.), colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad), oleander (Nerium oleander L.) and konar (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) extracts on plants pathogenic fungi. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2009; 12: 58-63.

Hong E, Song GH, Kang KB, Sung SH, Ko HJ, Yang H. Anti-Influenza activity of betulinic acid from Zizyphus jujuba on influenza A/PR/8 virus. Biomol Ther, 2015; 23: 345–49.

Karimi S, Hejazian SH, Alikhani V, Hosseini M. The effects of tamoxifen on spatial and non-spatial learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine and the brain tissues oxidative damage in ovariectomized rats. Adv Biomed Res. 2015; 4: 196.

Kheirkhah M, Pour NSV, Neisani L, Haghani H. Comparing the effects of aromatherapy with rose oils and warm foot bath on anxiety in the first stage of labor in nulliparous women. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014; 16: 1-9.

Khodami M, Abbasnejad M, Sheibani V, Mobasher M, Mehrabani M, Goodary AA, Salari S. Evaluation of the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of Dracocephalum polychaetum. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 15: 444-54.

Kumarappan CT, Thilagam E, Subhash CM. Anti-oxidant activity of polyphenolic extracts of Ichnocarpus frutescens. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2012; 2: 349–55

Naika SR, Bhagat S, Shaha PD, Tarea A, Ingawalea D, Wadekar R. Evaluation of anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activity of ethanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba fruits in rodents. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2013; 23: 811–18.

Parsaeyan N, Rezvani MB, The effect of christ’s thorn (Ziziphus spina christi) leaves extract on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes of diabetic rats. Iran J Diabetes Obes. 2014; 6: 163-67.

Rabiei Z, Rafieian-kopaei M, Heidarian E, Saghaei E, Mokhtari S. Effects of Zizyphus jujube extract on memory and learning impairment induced by bilateral electric lesions of the nucleus basalis of meynert in rat. Neurochem Res. 2014; 39: 353-60.

Rector NA, Bourdeau D, Kitchen K, Joseph-Massiah L. Anxiety disorders an information guide. CAMH. 2008; 6: 315-20.

Shawa D, Annettb JM, Dohertyc B, Leslie J C. Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. Phytomedicine 2007; 14: 613-20.

Yossef HE, Khedr AA, Mahran MZ. Hepatoprotective activity and anti-oxidant effects of Zizyphus spina-christi fruits on rats hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Nat Sci. 2011; 9: 1-7.