Community Based Medical Journal
type: channel
description: The official journal of Community Based Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Full text articles available.
publisher: Community Based Medical College Bangladesh
language: en-US
publication name: Community Based Medical Journal
issn: 2226-9290
copyright: No part of the materials published in this journal may be reproduced, stored or transmitted without prior written permission of the editorial board.
items: Surgical Management of Pancreatitis in Children: An Observational Study
items: Anxiety Disorders at Outpatient Psychiatric Services: Clinical Presentations and Associated Features
items: Radiographic Analysis of the Angles of the Left Scapula in a Bangladeshi Population
items: Prevalence of Peripheral Blood Neutrophilic and Eosinophilic Phenotype in Bronchiectasis Patients in Bangladesh
items: Anaesthesia Management for Pregnant Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy: A Descriptive Study
items: Association of ABO Blood Groups with Secretor Status among Healthy Blood Donors
items: Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAAT) on Lipid Profiles of HIV Patients
items: Measurement of the Mandibular Angle in Dry Adult Human Mandible in a Bangladeshi population
items: Association of Chronic Illness and Suicidal Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study on Patients with Cancer, Diabetes and Chronic Pain
items: Outcome of Transnasal Endoscopic Repair in Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Multicentre Experience from Bangladesh
items: Common School Health Problems Among School-going Adolescents in A Rural Area of Bangladesh
items: Effect of Iron Supplementation on Haemoglobin Levels in Anaemic Children of 2–5 Years Age Group
items: Morphometric Study of Endosteal Diameter of the Surgical Neck of Humerus through Digital Radiographic Analysis
items: Bacteriological Study and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Patients with Auricular Perichondritis
items: Fasting Glucose, Creatinine and Total Cholesterol Levels in Normal Individuals: Difference with Age
items: Morphometric Study of the Maximum and Curved Vertical Diameters of the Head of the Humerus in Bangladeshi Population
items: Clinical Profile of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
items: Exploring the Prevalence of Scabies Infestation among Madrasa Students in a Rural Area of Mymensingh District, Bangladesh
items: Study on Thyroid Function, Lipid Profile and Vitamin D Levels in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
items: Treatment Patterns and Survival Outcomes of Prostate Cancer in Bangladeshi Patients
items: Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Hypertensive Patients Attending in A Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh
items: Contributing Factors of Mental Stress among Parents of Thalassemia-Affected Children
items: Comparison of Clinical Performance and Pharyngeal Leak Pressure of Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme Before and After Cisatracurium
items: Morphometric Study of the Length and the Breadth of the Scapula in a Bangladeshi Population
items: Osteometric Study of the Neck Circumference of the Dry Human Fibula in an Adult Bangladeshi Population
items: Awareness Regarding Safe Drinking Water among People Living in Rural Area of Bangladesh
items: Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Scores in Dry Eye Disease Patients
items: Clinical outcomes and functional recovery following hemiarthroplasty for unstable hip / intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patient: A review of 40 cases at CBMCB Hospital (2020-2023)
items: Correlation of Handedness with Hand Length in Right Hander and Left Hander Medical Students in Bangladesh
items: Association of Pulmonary Hypertension and the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
items: Respiratory Function and Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
items: Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Kishoreganj District, Bangladesh
items: Processed Food and Kidney Diseases – A Growing Threat in Bangladesh
items: Snakebite in Bangladesh: Public Health Challenges and Awareness Initiatives
items: Role Modelling in Medical Education
items: Coronary Artery Ectasia with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report
items: Clinical Outcome with Intravitreal Brolucizumab for Retinal Vein Occlusion

Surgical Management of Pancreatitis in Children: An Observational Study
type: item
description: Pancreatitis in children is uncommon. Treatment is usually supportive and non-surgical. However, surgery may be needed for complications like infected necrosis or pseudocysts and dilated main pancreatic duct with calculi. The timing of surgery is critical. Understanding surgical indications helps optimize treatment. This observational study aims to establish evidence-based guidelines by assessing surgical techniques and outcomes in children, which was conducted in the Department of Paediatric Gastro-surgery, National Gastroliver Institute & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between February 2022 and February 2024. A total of 24 children who underwent pancreatic surgery were enrolled using a purposive sampling technique. Data collected included demographic information, clinical details, surgical outcomes, and complications. At the one-year follow-up, 62.5% of cases achieved full recovery, and 25% recovered from the initial episode. Residual problems without recurrence occurred in 8.3% of cases, with a 4.2% mortality rate. Postoperative complications included pancreatic necrosis and pseudocyst formation in 12.5% of patients, respiratory failure and hyperglycemia in 8.3%, and circulatory collapse, renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and diabetes each in 4.2% of patients. Surgical management of pancreatitis in children showed a good recovery rate, but recurrence was a challenge. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:4-8
creator: A K M Shamsuddin
creator: Md Mamunur Rahman
creator: Jahangir Md Sarwar
creator: Md Atiar Rahman
creator: Sanjit Kumar Banik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A K M Shamsuddin, Md Mamunur Rahman, Jahangir Md Sarwar, Md Atiar Rahman, Sanjit Kumar Banik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 4
ending page: 8
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83251

Anxiety Disorders at Outpatient Psychiatric Services: Clinical Presentations and Associated Features
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the outpatient psychiatry department of Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between June and December of 2024, to assess the clinical presentations and associated factors of anxiety disorders among outpatients attending the hospital. A total of 68 participants selected through purposive sampling, those who were previously diagnosed with anxiety disorders according to DSM-5 criteria. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, and associated factors were collected through interviews and medical records. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale was used for assessment. Analysis was performed using MS Office tools (Excel and Word). The study found generalized anxiety disorder as most prevalent (47.1%), with excessive worriedness (85.3%), restlessness (73.5%), and somatic complaints (61.8%) as key symptoms. Females (64.7%) and low-income individuals (52.9%) were disproportionately affected. Comorbidities were observed in 38.2% patients with mostly suffering from hypertension (20.6%). Financial stress (32.4%) was also a significant contributor. GAD-7 scores revealed 69.1% had moderate to severe levels of anxiety, while 38.2% had severe form of disease and 14.75 had mild anxiety. This study highlights a significant burden of anxiety disorders among our population particularly among women and those belong to the low-income group. The high prevalence of somatic symptoms and comorbidities underscores the need for integrated care approaches addressing both psychological and physical health in our resource-limited settings. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:9-14
creator: Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan
creator: Muhammad Kabir Hasan Parvez
creator: Dil Mohammad Sazzadul Kabir Sabuz
creator: Enamul Hoque Khan
creator: Sazib Mian
creator: Md Jurdi Adam
creator: Md Asif Nowaz
creator: Tumpa Indrani Ghose
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan, Muhammad Kabir Hasan Parvez, Dil Mohammad Sazzadul Kabir Sabuz, Enamul Hoque Khan, Sazib Mian, Md Jurdi Adam, Md Asif Nowaz, Tumpa Indrani Ghose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 9
ending page: 14
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83254

Radiographic Analysis of the Angles of the Left Scapula in a Bangladeshi Population
type: item
description: The movements of the shoulder joint are influenced by the angles of the scapula. Among all the angles of the scapula, the gleno-polar angle measures the obliquity of the glenoid articular surface in relation to the scapular body, which is important for deciding the treatment and prognosis of floating shoulder. Therefore, a detail knowledge of scapular angles helps us to understand and treat the different shoulder disorders. We proposed this study to observe the angles of the left scapula in a Bangladeshi population through radiographic analysis. This cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted among 100 adult Bangladeshi people (50 male and 50 female) in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, from July 2017 to June 2018. Radiographs of anterior-posterior view of the left shoulder was taken in the Department of Radiology & Imaging of the same institution. The procedure was done by using measurement toolbox of DICOM (Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine) software with angle option. The superior, inferior, lateral and gleno-polar angles were found greater in male comparing to its female counterpart. There is no previous radiological study done on the angles of the scapula in Bangladesh by using such radiological software. This method is a non-invasive one. Measurement of angles of scapula by radiographic analysis provides accurate information about the pathomechanics of shoulder joint movement. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:15-20
creator: Zeenatul Momena
creator: Shamsur Rahman
creator: Jannatul Ferdous
creator: Shaila Mahmud
creator: Isot Jahan
creator: Rehana Parveen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zeenatul Momena, Shamsur Rahman, Jannatul Ferdous, Shaila Mahmud, Isot Jahan, Rehana Parveen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83255

Prevalence of Peripheral Blood Neutrophilic and Eosinophilic Phenotype in Bronchiectasis Patients in Bangladesh
type: item
description: Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous condition characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Phenotypic classification into neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and non-neutrophilic types is crucial for understanding disease pathophysiology and guiding management. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cumilla Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, from January 2023 to June 2024, to assess prevalence of those phenotypes and clinical implications. A total of 150 adult bronchiectasis patients diagnosed via clinical features, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and pulmonary function tests. Blood samples were analyzed to determine phenotypes: neutrophilic (ANC >7.5×10⁹/L), eosinophilic (AEC >0.3×10⁹/L), and non-neutrophilic (neither criteria met). Clinical, demographic, and radiological data were collected and analyzed. The neutrophilic phenotype was predominant (63.3%), followed by eosinophilic (23.3%) and non-neutrophilic (13.4%). Neutrophilic patients were older (mean 45.3±10.5years) and more likely to be smokers (57.9%; p=0.015). Frequent exacerbations (>2 per year) were highest in neutrophilic (68.4%; p=0.001), and severe HRCT findings were more prevalent in this group (57.9%; p=0.048). Eosinophilic patients had milder disease and fewer exacerbations (57.1%), aligning with a Th2-driven inflammatory mechanism. Logistic regression showed smoking as a significant risk factor for severe disease (OR=2.08, p=0.019). Neutrophilic bronchiectasis is the most common and severe phenotype, closely linked to smoking and frequent exacerbations. Eosinophilic and non-neutrophilic phenotypes showed milder clinical courses highlighting the need for management strategies tailored to specific phenotypes. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:21-27
creator: Mirza Mohammad Idris Ali
creator: Mohammad Towfique Hasan
creator: Mohammad Amir Hossain Miah
creator: Pulak Kumar Dey
creator: Mostaque Ahammad
creator: Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mirza Mohammad Idris Ali, Mohammad Towfique Hasan, Mohammad Amir Hossain Miah, Pulak Kumar Dey, Mostaque Ahammad, Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 21
ending page: 27
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83256

Anaesthesia Management for Pregnant Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Appendectomy: A Descriptive Study
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh & three Specialist Private hospital of Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January 2022 to December 2024, to observe how anesthesia management is operating for pregnant patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy. A total of 63 purposively selected pregnant patients were included in this study. Data regarding patients’ age, gestational age, ASA status, anaesthesia techniques, medications, intraoperative and postoperative monitoring, and maternal-fetal outcomes were observed, recorded and analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 26.5±4.2 years; most of them were in their second trimester (58.7%). General anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation was used in 92.1% of cases. Propofol (87.3%) and succinylcholine (100%) were primary agents. Stable haemodynamics were maintained in 88.9% of patients. No major maternal and fetal complications was observed. The mean duration of surgery was 45.2±12.3 minutes, while the mean anesthesia time was 68.5±15.7 minutes and postoperative mean time to extubation was 8.2±3.1 minutes. Average stay in the post-anesthesia care unit was 95.4±22.6 minutes. Our data confirms the safety of general anesthesia for laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnancy, as proper monitoring was ensured. The favorable outcomes support current protocols, though standardized fetal monitoring still remains a bit challenging. Our findings are expected to aid further research on anesthetic management of non-obstetric surgeries in pregnant patients. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:28-33
creator: Muhammad Ali Siddiqui
creator: Afsana Raushan
creator: Md Shafiqur Rahman
creator: Mohammed Ishaque
creator: Abdullah Al Kaiser
creator: Akter Jahan
creator: Foysal Arefin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali Siddiqui, Afsana Raushan, Md Shafiqur Rahman, Mohammed Ishaque, Abdullah Al Kaiser, Akter Jahan, Foysal Arefin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 28
ending page: 33
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83257

Association of ABO Blood Groups with Secretor Status among Healthy Blood Donors
type: item
description: The ABO blood group system and secretor status are genetically determined polymorphic traits with potential associations to various health conditions. Understanding the distribution of secretor status across different ABO blood groups in a healthy population is crucial for genetic and epidemiological studies. This study aims to determine the association between ABO blood groups and secretor status among healthy blood donors in Bangladesh. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine of Committee of Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh, a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh, between January and December 2023. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a total of 187 healthy blood donors. ABO blood groups were determined using standard haemagglutination tests. Secretor status was determined by detecting the presence of ABH antigens in saliva. We found blood group ‘B’ (36.9%) as the most prevalent, followed by ‘O’ (31.6%). Secretors (76.5%) outnumbered non-secretors (23.5%), with the highest secretor frequency in group ‘O’ (82.8%). ABO blood groups showed a significant association with secretor status (χ²=6.24, p=0.044). Rh-positive individuals had more secretors (77.3%). Blood group ‘A’ had the highest odds of being secretors (OR=1.85). Our study confirms a significant association between ABO blood groups and secretor status among healthy donors, with group ‘O’ having the highest secretor frequency. These findings may aid in understanding genetic and immunological interactions linked to blood group antigens and secretor phenotypes. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:34-39
creator: Kamrun Nahar
creator: Subrina Yeasmin Binni
creator: S M A Zulker Nine
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kamrun Nahar, Subrina Yeasmin Binni, S M A Zulker Nine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 34
ending page: 39
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83259

Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAAT) on Lipid Profiles of HIV Patients
type: item
description: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in a significant reduction in morbidity and death in HIV patients. However, it has also resulted in the appearance of significant short- and long-term negative effects. The complication of HAART that is currently generating the most interest and concern is an elevated cardiovascular risk.The aim of this study was to assess the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on fasting blood lipid profiles in HIV patients. This prospective, observational study was conducted in the ART Centre of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January 2020 and June 2021. A total of 49 HIV sero-positive patients (diagnosis based on rapid diagnostic test) attending ART Centre of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital were included in this study. We found that 9.7% had TC ≥200. The majority 80.6% patients belonged to HDL-C <40 (mg/dl) and the mean was 31.4±9.26 (gm/dl). Regarding LDL, 9.7% of patients had LDL-C (>130 mg/dl), and the mean was 85.34±28.79 (gm/dl). About half 51.6% of patients belonged to TG >150 (mg/dl) and the mean was 154.46±59.62 (gm/dl). We found that 87.1% of patients developed dyslipidaemia before treatment and 83.9% after HAART. TG levels were significantly elevated after HAART, but TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels almost remained the same between baseline and after HAART. Development of dyslipidaemia was found in more than two-thirds (83.9%) of the patients after HAART. HIV-infected patients receiving WHO recommended first-line of HAART have a high prevalence of lipid profile derangement. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:40-47
creator: Khaled Mahbub Murshed
creator: Syeda Kimia Shahdaty
creator: Md Abul Kalam Azad
creator: Nazma Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khaled Mahbub Murshed, Syeda Kimia Shahdaty, Md Abul Kalam Azad, Nazma Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 40
ending page: 47
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83260

Measurement of the Mandibular Angle in Dry Adult Human Mandible in a Bangladeshi population
type: item
description: The angle of the mandible is a bony prominence situated between the ramus and the body of the mandible, and is formed by the junction of the horizontal and vertical planes of the mandible. It is an important structure in the head neck region that is often used as a reference point for various surgical procedure. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, between July 2019 to June 2020, to measure various mandibular angles. A non-random purposive sampling technique was adopted. A total of 150 fully ossified dry human mandibles were collected. The mandibular angle is formed by the line tangent to the lower border of mandible and the line tangent to the distal border of ascending ramus and the condyles. The angle was recorded by goniometer. One arm of a transparent goniometer was placed along the base of mandible and other arm on the line touching the posterior most point on condyles and posterior border of ramus on both sides. The mean±SD angle of the mandible on right side was 125.56º±6.5º and on the left side was 125.69º ±6.5º. The mandibular angle on the both sides ranged between 110° and 142°. The observations of this study have a greater impact on reconstructive surgeries of angle of mandible like augmentation or reduction, fracture fixation as well as forensic odontology. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:48-51
creator: Muntasir Ahmed
creator: Mahfuza Akter
creator: Sanjib Kumar Bose
creator: Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muntasir Ahmed, Mahfuza Akter, Sanjib Kumar Bose, Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 48
ending page: 51
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83261

Association of Chronic Illness and Suicidal Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study on Patients with Cancer, Diabetes and Chronic Pain
type: item
description: Patients with chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, and chronic pain conditions often endure prolonged physical and emotional sufferings which tend to increase their vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Despite the global rise in chronic diseases, limited research exists on their psychological impact, especially in low-resource settings like Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Rajshahi Medical College, Bangladesh, between June and December of 2023, to assess the association between chronic illness (cancer, diabetes, and chronic pain) and suicidal risk in a Bangladeshi patient population. Using purposive sampling, a total of 60 patients with cancer, diabetes, or chronic pain were enrolled. Data on demographics, illness duration, severity, and suicidal risk were collected using standardized tools. Suicidal risk was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), and illness severity was measured using disease-specific scales. Logistic regression was used the see the association. Among participants, 35% had diabetes mellitus, 30% had cancer, and 35% had chronic pain conditions. Suicidal risk was significantly higher in cancer (44.4%) and chronic pain (38.1%) patients compared to diabetic patients (23.8%). Longer duration of illness (>5 years) was strongly associated with increased suicidal risk (p<0.05). Logistic regression identified cancer (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.2–6.5) and chronic pain (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1–5.7) as independent predictors of suicidal risk. Our data suggests that chronic illnesses, particularly cancer and chronic pain, significantly increases suicidal risk. Early psychological screening and integrated mental health care are essential to mitigate suicidal ideation and improve outcomes in this vulnerable population, especially in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:52-56
creator: Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiqur Rahman
creator: Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan
creator: Md Aminul Islam
creator: Mahmud Javed Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Al Muksit Mohammad Taufiqur Rahman, Mohammad Asraful Siddike Pathan, Md Aminul Islam, Mahmud Javed Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 52
ending page: 56
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83262

Outcome of Transnasal Endoscopic Repair in Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Multicentre Experience from Bangladesh
type: item
description: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea occurs due to abnormal leakage of CSF through the nasal cavity, often resulting from trauma, surgery, or spontaneous causes. Transnasal endoscopic repair has emerged as the preferred surgical approach due to its minimally invasive nature and high success rates. This prospective, observational study was conducted in four tertiary level specialized institutions in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between April 2023 and September 2024, to evaluate the outcomes of transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. A total of 37 patients diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea who underwent transnasal endoscopic repair were enrolled in this study through purposive sampling. Data was collected on patient clinical characteristics, site and size of the CSF leaks, surgical techniques, graft materials, and postoperative outcomes. Follow-up was conducted at regular intervals (2 weeks, 1, 3, 4 and 6 months) to assess the success or failure and monitor complications, if any. Trauma (45.90%), iatrogenic (10.80%), and spontaneous rhinorrhea (43.20%) were the main causes, with 49% of participants having chronic conditions. History of preoperative meningitis was present in 8.1% cases. Pre-operative anosmia was present in 27.03% cases. The cribriform plate was the most common leak site (43.2%), and smaller leaks (<1 cm²) were prevalent (67.6%). Encephalocele is present in 16.2% cases. Surgically, a combination of fascia lava, fat, and septal cartilage was most commonly used (56.8%), with the combined technique being the preferred approach (59.5%). Tissue glue was used in 54.1% cases. Merocel pack was used in 62.2% cases with a mean duration of pack was 5.59 days. Postoperatively, 45.9% received lumbar drains with an average duration of 5.47 days. A lumber drain was given to all the patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea and hypertensive patients. The average duration of hospital stay was 7.38 days. Post- operative complications like anosmia was present in…
creator: Sarwar Jahan Md Zoheb
creator: Md Sazzad Samad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarwar Jahan Md Zoheb, Md Sazzad Samad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 57
ending page: 65
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83263

Common School Health Problems Among School-going Adolescents in A Rural Area of Bangladesh
type: item
description: School health is the comprehensive efforts of developing, implementing, and evaluating services, both within the school and the community, that provide each student with the resources needed to thrive within a healthful environment. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted among 125 school-going adolescents to observe the common school health problems in a selected rural area of Bangladesh. This study was done in Aftabuddin High School and College, Bhagalpur at Bajitpur upazila under Kishoreganj district, between October and December of 2019. A purposive type of nonprobability sampling method was adopted. For collection of required data, face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Out of the 125 respondents, mostly 91(73%) adolescents belonged to the age group of 13-15 years and mostly 88(70%) were male. Among all respondents, 50(40%) were from class-X, followed by 28(22%) from class-VIII, 41(33%) from class-IX and rest 6(5%) from class -XI. The majority of the students 43(34.4%) suffered from dental carries in the last six months, while 21(16.8%), 7(5.6%), 6(5.2%), 11(8.8%), 10(8%) mentioned about diarrhoea, chicken pox, conjunctivitis, and respiratory infections respectively. Regarding skin problems, 23(18.4%) had head lice (pediculosis), and 12(9.6%) had ringworm and 7(5.6%) had scabies. Among eye problems, 26(20.8%) reported short sightedness (myopia), 5(4%) mentioned having hypermetropia and 4(3.2%) had squint. Regarding ear problems, 11(8.8%) had earache, 4(3.2%) reported discharge from ears and 4(3.2%) had difficulty in hearing. Among injury incidents, 25(20%) had fall from height, 2(1.6%) reported acid/alkali burn and 6(4.8%) mentioned about injuries due to fighting with friends. Among mental health issues, 54(43.2%) students reported difficulties to continue studies, while 12(9.6%) and 3(2.4%) mentioned about negligence of parents and of teachers respectively. 7(5.6%) students mentioned about physical assault by teachers or class…
creator: Nilufar Asgar
creator: Md Humayun Kabir
creator: Dil Afroz Jeby
creator: Mahmuda Nasrin Shumi
creator: Md Khalequl Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nilufar Asgar, Md Humayun Kabir, Dil Afroz Jeby, Mahmuda Nasrin Shumi, Md Khalequl Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 66
ending page: 70
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83264

Effect of Iron Supplementation on Haemoglobin Levels in Anaemic Children of 2–5 Years Age Group
type: item
description: Iron-deficiency anaemia is a major health issue among young children in low-resource settings, contributing to developmental delays and increased morbidity. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January 2022 to December 2023, to assess the effect of iron supplementation on haemoglobin levels in anaemic children of 2–5 years age group. A total of 60 anaemic children with haemoglobin <11 g/dL was selected for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to either an intervention group (n=30) receiving daily oral ferrous sulfate (3 mg elemental iron/kg/day) or a control group (n=30) receiving standard care without iron supplements. Haemoglobin levels were measured at baseline and post-intervention using standardized cyanmethemoglobin methods. Anthropometric measurements and adverse effects were monitored throughout the study period. The intervention group demonstrated a significant increase in mean haemoglobin levels from 8.7±0.8 g/dL to 11.0±1.1 g/dL (p<0.001). In contrast, minimal change was observed in control group (8.8±0.9 g/dL to 8.9±0.7 g/dL; p>0.05). Adherence to supplementation was observed in 86.7%; only 5(16.7%) mild transient side effects were reported. Children with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <8 g/dL) showed a greater response (2.8 g/dL increase) than those with moderate anaemia (1.9 g/dL increase). Serum ferritin levels increased significantly in the supplemented group (from 14.3±3.0 μg/L to 32.5±5.6 μg/L; p<0.001); however, no difference was observed in control group (from 15.0±2.8 μg/L to 15.8±3.1 μg/L; p>0.05). Our data suggests that adding an iron supplement for 12 weeks significantly improved haemoglobin levels in anaemic pre-school children, with good tolerability and adherence. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:71-75
creator: Shamima Sattar
creator: A S M Ruhul Quddus
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shamima Sattar, A S M Ruhul Quddus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 71
ending page: 75
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83265

Morphometric Study of Endosteal Diameter of the Surgical Neck of Humerus through Digital Radiographic Analysis
type: item
description: Endosteal diameter at the surgical neck of the humerus is a very important parameter in shoulder arthroplasty in terms of designing its prosthesis. A cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2019, to observe the gender variation of the endosteal diameter of the surgical neck of the humerus in the adult Bangladeshi population through digital radiographic analysis. This study was performed by analyzing digital radiographs of left shoulder joint of 100 subjects (50 male and 50 female) attending the Radiology & Imaging of the same institution (aged between 26 and 49 years). They were selected based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria by adopting convenient purposive sampling method. After taking digital x-ray, those images were transferred to a computer. Diameter from those radiographs were then measured by using computer software named ‘MB-Ruler’. The mean endosteal diameters of the surgical neck of the humerus among Bangladeshi male and female were found 18.21±2.25 mm and 15.07±2.20 mm respectively. The range of the endosteal diameter at the surgical neck of the humerus was from 14.29 mm to 26.83 mm in male and from 8.94 mm to 19.35 mm in female. The mean value was higher in male comparing to its female counterpart (p<0.001). CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:76-80
creator: Md Towhidul Alam
creator: Segupta Kishwara
creator: A H M Mostafa Kamal
creator: Abeda Sultana
creator: Tanvir Faysal
creator: Fahmida Yasmin
creator: Sanchita Rani Das
creator: Rydwana Munmun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Towhidul Alam, Segupta Kishwara, A H M Mostafa Kamal, Abeda Sultana, Tanvir Faysal, Fahmida Yasmin, Sanchita Rani Das, Rydwana Munmun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 76
ending page: 80
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83267

Bacteriological Study and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Patients with Auricular Perichondritis
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in the Department of Otolaryngology & Head-Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Department of Clinical Microbiology, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from April to September of 2019. to isolate bacteria responsible for auricular perichondritis and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A total of 50 patients with auricular perichondritis were included in this study. Among 50 patients, most were (42%) in 31–45 years age group, followed by 16–30 years age group (26%). Male-female ration was 3:2. 70% of them were hailing from rural areas, while 30% were living in urbal areas. Most of them were from poor families. Among etiology, 24(48%) cases presented following road traffic accident, followed by ear piercing 7(14%), burn 5(10%) and post-surgical 4(8%). All the patients 50(100%) had pain and tenderness, followed by swelling of pinna 32(64%), fever 20(40%), disfigurement of the ear 16(32%), and discharge from ear 6(12%). 12(24%) patients had diabetes mellitus. Pseudomonas species was the commonest organism isolated 18 (36%) as single, and 8(16%) as mixed infection; 3(6%) of culture yielded no growth. The most effective antibiotic was meropenam 37(74%) followed by ceftazidime 33 (66%) and amoxiclav 32(64%). Our data suggests that the most frequently isolated organism in auricular perichondritis is Pseudomonas species, which is mostly susceptible to meropenam. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:81-86
creator: Mohammad Suliman Khan
creator: Md Sazzad Samad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Suliman Khan, Md Sazzad Samad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 81
ending page: 86
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83268

Fasting Glucose, Creatinine and Total Cholesterol Levels in Normal Individuals: Difference with Age
type: item
description: Ageing is one of the well-known risk factors for many physiological disorders. This cross-sectional, observational study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B), Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January to December 2024, from January to December, to see the association between age and the changes in fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and total cholesterol levels among normal individuals. 100 subjects were included in this study following inclusion and exclusion criteria and categorized in group A (50 adults aged between 24 and 49 years) and group B (50 adults aged between 50 and 78 years). The clinical and historical information was collected through prescribed questionnaires to evaluate the exclusion criteria of the study. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from the subjects with all aseptic precautions. Fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and total cholesterol were determined by enzymatic method using semi-automatic clinical chemistry analyzer. A significant increase in fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and total cholesterol were observed in subjects aged above 50 compared to the subjects aged below 50 years (p<0.001). Ageing leads to an increased risk of diabetes, renal failure and cardiovascular disease through derangements of blood glucose, creatinine and total cholesterol levels in elderly people of Bangladesh. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:87-92
creator: Kamana Rani Saha
creator: Susmita Das
creator: Shahidul Islam
creator: AHM Hasan
creator: Shahnur Farzana
creator: Nayem Sultana Suny
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kamana Rani Saha, Susmita Das, Shahidul Islam, AHM Hasan, Shahnur Farzana, Nayem Sultana Suny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 87
ending page: 92
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83270

Morphometric Study of the Maximum and Curved Vertical Diameters of the Head of the Humerus in Bangladeshi Population
type: item
description: The head of the humerus bone articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint. Glenohumeral joint is a multi-axial joint, which is one of the most mobile and unstable joints in human body. Morphometric analysis of the head of the humerus is important to understanding of shoulder joint’s stability and functions. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, from July 2021 to June 2022, to determine the maximum and curved vertical diameters of the humeral head in a Bangladeshi population. We collected 100 dry adult humerus bones (right sided 43 and left sided 57) through the non-random, purposive sampling technique. Damaged, unossified or fractured bones were excluded. A digital slide calipers was used to measure the maximum vertical diameter of the head of the humerus, while its curved vertical diameter was measured by flexible measuring tape. The mean maximum vertical diameters of the head of the right and left humeri were found 41.965±3.425 mm and 41.548±3.647 mm respectively. The mean curved vertical diameters of the head of the right and left humeri were found 59.093±5.706 mm and 57.403±5.506 mm respectively. We expect that the findings of our study will be helpful for clinical anatomists, orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, anthropologists, and forensic experts. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:93-97
creator: Shah Md Atiqul Haque
creator: Tasnova Mehataz
creator: Tithi Rani Biswas
creator: Md Safat Latif
creator: Sultana Razia Khanam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Md Atiqul Haque, Tasnova Mehataz, Tithi Rani Biswas, Md Safat Latif, Sultana Razia Khanam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 93
ending page: 97
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83272

Clinical Profile of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
type: item
description: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with varying clinical presentations. In Bangladesh, the burden of COPD is rising due to factors such as air pollution, tobacco use, and limited healthcare access. Understanding its clinical profile is essential for tailored management. This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. This study was conducted from August 2023 to February 2023 at Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 87 COPD patients diagnosed based on spirometry and clinical criteria. Data on demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, smoking history, and disease severity were collected using structured questionnaires. MS Office tools (Excel, Word) were used for data analysis, including descriptive statistics (mean, percentages). The study revealed COPD patients (mean age 62.4±9.1 years) presented predominantly with dyspnea (92%), chronic cough (85%), and frequent comorbidities (hypertension 36%, diabetes 24%). Most cases were moderate-to-severe (GOLD II-III: 78%), with significant smoking (68%) and biomass exposure (41%), highlighting critical intervention needs in this population. This study highlights the high burden of moderate-to-severe COPD among Bangladeshi adults, with significant smoking and biomass exposure. Findings underscore the urgent need for early detection programs, smoke-free policies, and integrated management of COPD and comorbidities in resource-limited settings. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:98-104
creator: Md Abdul Bari
creator: Shanjida Shamsi
creator: Mahmud Javed Hasan
creator: Sultan Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Abdul Bari, Shanjida Shamsi, Mahmud Javed Hasan, Sultan Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 98
ending page: 104
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83275

Exploring the Prevalence of Scabies Infestation among Madrasa Students in a Rural Area of Mymensingh District, Bangladesh
type: item
description: Scabies is a highly prevalent, neglected worldwide distributed disease of children as well as elderly population, attributed to overcrowding, low-socioeconomic status, close contact and lack of personal hygiene. A cross sectional, descriptive study was done among young madrasa students, in a rural area of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh, between July and October of 2022, to explore the prevalence of scabies. 178 students were enrolled in this study through purposive, random sampling method. Data were collected through direct interviewing of the respondents. Age of the participants ranged between 5 and 19 years with mean age 10.13±2.159 years; 10–14 years age group was predominate (52%). Female students (68%) were predominant over male students (32%). Male female ratio was 32:68. Primary level educated students were higher than the secondary level. 54% of the families of madrasa students were poor. A significant association (p<0.001) was revealed in between family status and scabies infestation. Literacy level of the father and the mother were found 55% and 57% respectively. Scabies cases were high among the students came from illiterate family. An association (p<0.001) revealed in between parents’ education and scabies. Scabies is a common health problem, high prevalent among the Madrasha students, attributed with personal hygiene, overcrowding, low socioeconomic status of family, illiteracy of parents and sharing of utensils among themselves. A large number of students knew the mode of transmission of scabies and importance of daily bathing; however, a significant number (65%) respondents did not know the value of not sharing the utensils among themselves. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:105-108
creator: Maksuda Begum
creator: AHM Hasan
creator: Fakir Sameul Alam
creator: Sultana Sobnam Dipu
creator: Md Shahidul Islam
creator: Binoy Krishna Biswas
creator: Kamana Rani Saha
creator: Md Yunus Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maksuda Begum, AHM Hasan, Fakir Sameul Alam, Sultana Sobnam Dipu, Md Shahidul Islam, Binoy Krishna Biswas, Kamana Rani Saha, Md Yunus Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 105
ending page: 108
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83276

Study on Thyroid Function, Lipid Profile and Vitamin D Levels in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
type: item
description: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between July and December of 2022, to compare thyroid function, lipid profile and vitamin D levels between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Among 257 participants aged between 45 and 65, the control group included 100 perimenopausal women, while the study group included 157 postmenopausal women with duration not more than 5 years of menopause. Serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels (as thyroid function tests), lipid profile and vitamin D3 levels were estimated by using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method and following standard laboratory procedures in an autoanalyzer. The mean age of women in the perimenopausal group was 48.6±2.7 years, while in the postmenopausal group was 56.4±3.4 years (p<0.001). There were no differences in serum TSH (2.02±0.927 μIU/ml vs. 3.30±3.632 μIU/ml), T4 (104.88±22.02 nmol/L vs. 96.98±34.14 nmol/L) and T3 (1.02±0.141 ng/ml vs. 0.92±0.144 ng/ml) levels between two groups (p>0.05). Comparing lipid profile, total cholesterol levels were 205.05±36.69 mg/dl and 223.96±36.86 mg/dl (p<0.001), HDL 65.11±16.42 mg/dl and 65.90±13.60 mg/dl (p>0.05), LDL 118.17±28.64 mg/dl and 136.59±33.56 mg/dl (p<0.001), and triglycerides levels were found 108.86±54.69 mg/dl and 107.28±53.57 mg/dl (p>0.05) respectively. No difference was also observed in vitamin D3 levels between the groups (17.09±9.37 vs. 17.31±8.79) (p>0.05). However, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid status were found in 12% vs. 14.01% and 4% vs. 4.46% respectively between two groups. In lipid profile, increased levels of cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides were observed in 64% vs. 84.08%, 54% vs. 75.16% and 17% vs. 14.65, while decreased HDL levels were found in 9% vs. 10.83% respectively between two groups. Besides, mild, moderate and severe vitamin D deficiencies were found in 22% vs. 20.38%, 42% vs. 49.05% and 26% vs. 20.38% respec…
creator: Arup Ratan Paul
creator: ASM Shahidullah
creator: Bina Sen
creator: Manisha Paul Tumpa
creator: Shahanur Farzana
creator: Nayem Sultana Suny
creator: Md Mahamudur Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arup Ratan Paul, ASM Shahidullah, Bina Sen, Manisha Paul Tumpa, Shahanur Farzana, Nayem Sultana Suny, Md Mahamudur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 109
ending page: 114
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83277

Treatment Patterns and Survival Outcomes of Prostate Cancer in Bangladeshi Patients
type: item
description: Prostate cancer is a growing health burden among Bangladeshi men, yet there is limited research on treatment patterns and survival outcomes in this population. Understanding the clinical management and prognostic factors is crucial for improving patient care. This study aimed to analyze the treatment modalities and survival outcomes of patients with prostate cancer. This purposive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to December 2024, including 86 histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer patients at the Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data on demographics, clinical staging, treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy), and survival were collected from hospital records and patient interviews. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0, with Cox regression to identify prognostic factors. This study analyzed 86 prostate cancer patients (mean age 68.4 years), with 65.1% presenting at advanced stages (III-IV). Most (72.1%) received androgen deprivation therapy, while only 7.0% underwent radical prostatectomy. Median survival was 34.5 months, significantly shorter for Stage IV (22.5 months). Advanced stage (HR=3.12), high PSA (HR=2.10), and treatment delays >6 months (HR=2.34) independently predicted mortality. Prostate cancer in Bangladesh is predominantly diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to poor survival outcomes. Early detection, timely treatment, and improved access to multidisciplinary care are urgently needed to enhance prognosis and reduce mortality among Bangladeshi patients. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:115-120
creator: Mohammad Ali Arafat
creator: Mohammed Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan
creator: Muhammed Akhtaruzzaman
creator: Masud Rana
creator: Ashik Mahmud
creator: Adnan Ahmed
creator: Sozib Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Ali Arafat, Mohammed Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan, Muhammed Akhtaruzzaman, Masud Rana, Ashik Mahmud, Adnan Ahmed, Sozib Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 115
ending page: 120
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83278

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Hypertensive Patients Attending in A Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh
type: item
description: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology of Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh (CBMC,B) Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, between January and June of 2023, among the hypertensive patients to estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes (PD). A total of 93 patients with hypertension were purposively selected. Previously diagnosed diabetic patients were excluded from the study. Sociodemographic data were collected by face-to-face interview by using a pre-tested questionnaire. Fasting blood glucose and 2 hours after 75 gm glucose load were estimated by auto analyzer. Age, gender, weight and height and blood pressure were estimated. Body mass index (BMI) was estimated from body weight and height of the patients. Overall, DM was 21.5% and PD was 10.8% (IFG 1.1%, IGT 9.7%) evident in this study. Male showed higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes compare to female. Sex, age, occupation, education, sedentary lifestyle, increase frequency of rice eating showed no statistical significance with DM. All stages of hypertension, middle class economic status, overweight, depressives, family history of diabetes and smoking showed positive association with diabetes. Hypertension and PD showed no significant association. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:121-125
creator: Amdadul Haque
creator: Mahmud Javed Hasan
creator: Tofayel Uddin Ahmed
creator: Md Yunus Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amdadul Haque, Mahmud Javed Hasan, Tofayel Uddin Ahmed, Md Yunus Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 121
ending page: 125
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83279

Contributing Factors of Mental Stress among Parents of Thalassemia-Affected Children
type: item
description: Thalassemia is a chronic genetic disorder requiring lifelong treatment, which creates significant emotional and financial burdens for families. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Departments of Hemato-oncology of Dhaka Shishu Hospital and Bangladesh Thalassemia Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2018, to identify the factors contributing to mental stress among parents of thalassemia-affected children. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and the 'Parental Stress Scale' (PSS) to assess stress levels. 56.7% of the parents were female, with 63.8% being 40 years or younger. A majority of parents (61.7%) lived in rural areas, and 68.1% had a monthly family income of ≤20,000 BDT. Regarding the children’s condition, 86.5% had one child with thalassemia, and 70.9% of parents could afford the treatment costs. The study also revealed that 77.3% of children required blood transfusions less than 30 days apart, and 54.6% required at least 12 transfusions per year. The average monthly drug and treatment costs were significant financial burdens on the parents. The mean PSS score was 58.2±4.6, with more than half of the parents (53.2%) experiencing high stress levels. The study found significant associations between PSS scores and factors such as the number of blood transfusions required, treatment assistance from others, and the reluctance to attend social events with affected children. This study highlights the substantial mental and financial stress faced by parents caring for children with thalassemia, underlining the need for targeted interventions to support these families. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:126-133
creator: Md Golam Rayhan
creator: Tamsasul Farha
creator: Adrika Roy Soma
creator: Sharif Nur Hafiza Purni
creator: Mohammad Zahirul Islam Khan
creator: Mohammad Nurunnabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Golam Rayhan, Tamsasul Farha, Adrika Roy Soma, Sharif Nur Hafiza Purni, Mohammad Zahirul Islam Khan, Mohammad Nurunnabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 126
ending page: 133
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83285

Comparison of Clinical Performance and Pharyngeal Leak Pressure of Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme Before and After Cisatracurium
type: item
description: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) supreme is a widely used supraglottic airway device that provides effective ventilation with a secure seal. Pharyngeal leak pressure is a critical parameter reflecting airway sealing efficiency. The administration of neuromuscular blockers like cisatracurium may influence the device’s performance, potentially affecting ventilation and airway safety. A prospective, observational study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia & ICU at Jaber Al Ahmed Armed Forces Hospital, Kuwait, from January to December of 2021, to compare the clinical performance and pharyngeal leak pressure of the LMA Supreme before and after cisatracurium administration in surgical patients. A total of 120 patients undergoing urologic surgery under general anaesthesia were included in this study, through purposive sampling, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into group A (no muscle relaxant) and group B (Cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg) having 60 patients in each group. Data on age and gender, duration of surger and anaesthesia, insertion time, attempts, jaw relaxation/stiffness, pharyngeal leak pressure, haemodynamics and complications were recorded and analyzed. Successful insertion within 15 seconds was higher in group B (73.3%) than in group A (66.7%), while prolonged insertion was more frequent in group A (10.0%) than in group B (3.3%); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Patients of group A had significantly lower pharyngeal leak pressure than that of group B (32.1±4.6 cm H₂O vs. 36.2±4.2 cm H₂O; p<0.001). Patients in group B had better haemodynamics but more hiccups/laryngospasms, while group A had more blood-stained secretions. Cisatracurium improved pharyngeal leak pressure, and hemodynamic stability with laryngeal mask airway supreme but increased minor complications like hiccups and laryngospasm. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:134-140
creator: Shamima Akter
creator: Abhay Patwary
creator: Marinela Hadzhimiteva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shamima Akter, Abhay Patwary, Marinela Hadzhimiteva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 134
ending page: 140
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83287

Morphometric Study of the Length and the Breadth of the Scapula in a Bangladeshi Population
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2019, to see the variation in length and breadth of human scapulae. We adopted a convenient sampling technique. A total of 150 fully ossified dry human scapulae (70 right sided and 80 left sided) of Bangladeshi people were collected. Any kind of damaged or broken scapulae were excluded. The length and breadth were measured using a digital Vernier slide calipers. The length of the scapula was measured by the distance between the summit of the superior angle and the inferior angle of the scapula, while the breadth was measured by the distance between the spine intersecting the medial border of the scapula and the lower point of outer border of the glenoid cavity. Scapular index was determined by dividing its breadth by its length and multiplied by 100. The mean lengths of the right and left sided scapulae were found 136.59±12.04 mm and 136.37±12.92 mm respectively. The mean breadths of the right and left sided scapulae were found 100.13±8.19 mm and 99.9±7.66 mm respectively. The mean scapular indexes were found 73.17±3.66 and 73.41±3.91 for the right and the left side respectively. Our findings are important racial comparison that could contribute to anthropological studies as well as in clinical settings for innovative prosthesis design for the surgeries of shoulder joint. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:141-145
creator: Md Safat Latif
creator: Effat Zerin Epsi
creator: Rafuja Afrin Shanto
creator: Shah Md Atiqul Haque
creator: Masuma Sultana
creator: Tithi Rani Biswas
creator: Tumpa Shom
creator: Chitra Dey Chaity
creator: Sadia Bhuiyan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Safat Latif, Effat Zerin Epsi , Rafuja Afrin Shanto, Shah Md Atiqul Haque, Masuma Sultana, Tithi Rani Biswas, Tumpa Shom, Chitra Dey Chaity, Sadia Bhuiyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 141
ending page: 145
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83288

Osteometric Study of the Neck Circumference of the Dry Human Fibula in an Adult Bangladeshi Population
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2023, to measure the neck circumference of the dry human fibula in an adult Bangladeshi population. This study was done using 300 dry human fibula (right siders 152 and left sided 148) samples, which were selected through purposive sampling technique. Any damaged, unossified, fractured fibula were excluded in this study. Data was collected, scrutinized and compiled, then analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Data was presented through histogram. The mean neck circumference of the right sided fibulae was 3.4±0.50 cm. The neck circumference of 152 right sided fibulae ranged between 2.5 cm and 5 cm. The mean neck circumference of the left sided fibulae 3.59±0.55 cm. The neck circumference of 148 left sided fibulae ranged between 2 cm and 5 cm. Our data is expected to enrich the information pool for the general physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, forensic specialists and anthropologists to improve their knowledge and understanding regarding various anatomical parameters of human fibula. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:146-148
creator: Tithi Rani Biswas
creator: Tanmoy Kar
creator: Shah Md Atiqul Haque
creator: Md Safat Latif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tithi Rani Biswas, Tanmoy Kar, Shah Md Atiqul Haque, Md Safat Latif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 146
ending page: 148
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83289

Awareness Regarding Safe Drinking Water among People Living in Rural Area of Bangladesh
type: item
description: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a rural area of West Bhagalpur village under Bajitpur upazila of Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh, from July 2023 to June 2024, to determine the awareness regarding particular aspects of safe drinking water among the rural adults. A convenient non-probability sampling was adopted. A total of 125 participants were interviewed based on a semi-structured questionnaire. Out of 125 respondents, 44(35.2%) were male and 81(64.8%) were female; all were aged between 18 and 65 years. Regarding qualities for safe drinking water, most of them said 82(65.6%) colorless, odorless, free from turbidity, tasteless and other said 24(19.2%). The majority 103(82.4%) had shallow tube well, 14(11.2%) had deep tube well, 7(5.6%) had tap water, only 1 used pond water. Most of them were taking drinking water without purification direct from tube well 88(70.4%), followed by boiling and filters 16(12.8%) and rest of them purify their drinking water by disinfection 5(4%). For improvement of water supply, most of them recommended 23(46.93%) to provide subsidized filters, create awareness regarding hazards of impure water drinking and built more tube well and followed by built more tube wells 16(32.65%), create awareness 6(12.24%) and provide subsidized filters 4(8.16%). For storage of water most of them used jug 86(68.8%), followed by bucket 25(20%), mud pot 8(6.4%) and only 6(4.8%) used others containers. 121(96.8%) had no water-borne disease in the last 6 months, while 4(3.2%) had diarrhoea. Surprisingly, most of them said yes to store water for future use 84(67.2%), while 41(32.8%) declined. This study presented a comprehensive overview of the awareness regarding particular aspects of safe drinking water among people living in rural areas of Bangladesh. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:149-153
creator: Md Humayun Kabir
creator: Nilufar Asgar
creator: Fakir Sameul Alam
creator: Mahmuda Ansari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Humayun Kabir, Nilufar Asgar, Fakir Sameul Alam, Mahmuda Ansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 149
ending page: 153
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83290

Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) Scores in Dry Eye Disease Patients
type: item
description: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common multifactorial ocular surface state that affects quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bangladesh Eye Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2024, to assess the impact of age and gender on the severity of dry eye disease (DED) as determined by Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. A total of 200 patients, who exhibited symptoms of dry eye disease (DED), were included in this study. They were asked to complete the SPEED and OSDI questionnaires. SPEED and OSDI scores were analyzed by gender and age groups (25–35, 36–45, 46–55, and 56–65 years). The patients aged between 25 and 65 years (mean age was 46.52 years). Among them, 83 were male and 117 were female (male-female ratio was 1:1.41). Regarding SPEED score, 25–35 years age group having the highest mean score (2.84), which indicates more severe symptoms. Regarding OSDI scores, patients in 36-45 years and 25-35 years age groups exhibited the highest mean scores (1.85±0.71 and 1.80±0.76 respectively). In contrast, older patients (56–65 years age group) demonstrated lower score (1.60±0.79), which indicates variation in symptom severity as individual is ageing. In SPEED scores, female patients had slightly higher mean compared to males (2.66±0.65 vs. 2.79±0.54), although the difference was less pronounced. In OSDI scores, male patients were marginally higher compared to females (1.81±0.79 vs. 1.69±0.70); however, the difference was not significant. Gender and age have a big impact on DED symptoms. Our results signify the need for specialized management plans for DED considering demographic variables. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:154-157
creator: Golam Haider
creator: Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir
creator: Razia Shultana
creator: Nuzhat Tabassum Chowdhury
creator: Al Imran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Golam Haider, Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir, Razia Shultana, Nuzhat Tabassum Chowdhury, Al Imran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 154
ending page: 157
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83296

Clinical outcomes and functional recovery following hemiarthroplasty for unstable hip / intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patient: A review of 40 cases at CBMCB Hospital (2020-2023)
type: item
description: Unstable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly population often lead to significant morbidity and disability, necessitating surgical intervention. Hemiarthroplasty is considered an effective surgical treatment for managing these fractures, especially in frail elderly patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients, with a retrospective analysis of 40 cases treated at CBMCB Hospital. We analyzed surgical outcomes, recovery rates, complications, and functional assessments. Most patients (85%) were mobilized within 48 hours postoperatively. The mean hospital stay was 6.5 days. At the end of 12 months, 70% of patients had good to excellent outcomes based on the Harris Hip Score. The results suggest that hemiarthroplasty provides satisfactory functional recovery, but complications such as infections and dislocations remain important considerations. This study highlights the need for individualized management in the elderly and underscores the importance of early postoperative rehabilitation. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:158-167
creator: Mamunur Rashid Chowdhury
creator: Anwarul Haque
creator: Sabbir Hasan
creator: Tanmoy Ray Uthsha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mamunur Rashid Chowdhury, Anwarul Haque, Sabbir Hasan, Tanmoy Ray Uthsha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 158
ending page: 167
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83297

Correlation of Handedness with Hand Length in Right Hander and Left Hander Medical Students in Bangladesh
type: item
description: A cross-sectional, analytical type study was performed in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, from July 2016 to June 2017, to analyze the differences between right and left hand length and its correlation with handedness score in right hander and left hander medical students of Bangladesh. A total of 178 (52 right hander male, 52 left hander female, 40 left hander male and 34 left hander female) medical students participated in this study. Sample collection was done by convenient purposive sampling technique. History of any injury of upper limb was excluded to construct standard measurement. Handedness of each medical student was determined by the Edinburgh handedness inventory. Hand length was measured with the help of vernier calipers. Significant difference was observed between right and left hand lengths of the right hander (181.58±9.51 mm vs. 183.67±9.21 mm; P<0.001) as well as left hander male medical students (182.78±8.10 mm vs. 181.45±8.96 mm; P<0.05). Similarly, significant difference was observed between right and left hand lengths of the right hander (165.71±8.37 mm vs. 167.77±8.14 mm; P<0.001) as well as left hander female medical students (168.82±6.66 mm vs. 167.35±6.54 mm; P<0.001). However, handedness score showed non-significant negative correlation with right hand length (r=–0.178, P>0.05) and left hand length (r=–0.192, P>0.05) in right hander male. Similarly, in right hander female, non-significant negative correlation was found with right hand length (r=–0.034, P>0.05) and left hand length (r=–0.025, P>0.05). In left hander male, non-significant positive correlation was found with right hand length (r=+0.067, P>0.05) and left hand length (r=+0.107, P>0.05). In left hander female, non-significant positive correlation was found with right hand length (r=+0.234, P>0.05) and left hand length (r=+0.169, P>0.05). CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:168-172
creator: Md Shamsur Rahman
creator: Afrin Sultana
creator: Zeenatul Momena
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Shamsur Rahman, Afrin Sultana, Zeenatul Momena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 168
ending page: 172
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83298

Association of Pulmonary Hypertension and the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
type: item
description: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has emerged as a significant cardiovascular complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with studies suggesting a bidirectional relationship between renal dysfunction and pulmonary vascular changes. However, the exact association of pulmonary hypertension and different stages of CKD remains poorly characterized, particularly in South Asian population. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2023, to assess the association between pulmonary hypertension and different stages of chronic kidney disease. A purposive sample of 120 CKD patients was enrolled and categorized based on KDIGO guidelines. Besides, PH was diagnosed using echocardiography with estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (ePASP) ≥25 mmHg. Then demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Among 120 CKD patients, 46 were in pulmonary hypertension (PH) group and 74 were in non-PH group. PH group was significantly older than the non-PH group (58.2±10.4 vs. 51.8±12.6 years; p=0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in gender distribution, BMI, diabetes, or hypertension between two groups. A strong association was found between CKD stages and PH prevalence that progressively increased from Stage 3 (27.1%) to Stage 5 (54.8%) (p<0.001). Patients with prolonged CKD duration (>12 months) exhibited more moderate and severe PH (53.6% and 21.4% respectively). Patients in PH group had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (148±16 mmHg vs. 138±14 mmHg; p<0.05), more frequent oedema (69.6% vs. 37.8%; p<0.001), and worse renal function (eGFR 28.4±16.2 ml/min/1.73m² vs. 45.6±18.3 ml/min/1.73m²; p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified advanced CKD stages (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.89–5.15; p=0.001), haemoglobin <10 g/dL (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.32–4.56; p=0.004), fluid overload (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.24–3.62; p=0.006), and age …
creator: Muhammed Akhtaruzzaman
creator: Mohammad Ali Arafat
creator: Monir Uddin Ahamed
creator: Rezwanur Rahman
creator: Arman Ibne Haq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammed Akhtaruzzaman, Mohammad Ali Arafat, Monir Uddin Ahamed, Rezwanur Rahman, Arman Ibne Haq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 173
ending page: 179
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83299

Respiratory Function and Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
type: item
description: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December of 2023, to assess the correlation between respiratory function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among COPD patients in Bangladesh. A total of 150 patients having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were selected for this study. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews, with spirometry measuring FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio, and QoL was assessed using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-C. The socio-demographic profile of COPD patients showed that 62.7% were male, with the highest proportion (35.3%) aged between 60–69 years. Additionally, 32% reported a family history of COPD, 22% were current smokers, and 15.3% had a history of tobacco product use. In terms of BMI, 54.7% had a normal weight, 41.3% were overweight, and only 2% were either underweight or obese. Pulmonary function test results revealed mean values of FVC at 1.43±0.49, FEV1 at 0.85±0.32, and an FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.61±0.13. Regarding disease severity based on FEV1/FVC ratio, 30% of patients were classified as having moderately severe COPD, while only 1.3% had very severe COPD. SGRQ-C scores indicated a high symptom burden and significantly reduced quality of life among the patients. GLM regression analysis showed a significant association between greater COPD severity and lower health-related quality of life (p<0.05). COPD has a substantial impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), particularly in Bangladesh, where environmental and socio-economic challenges intensify the disease burden. Improved outcomes require early diagnosis, access to pulmonary rehabilitation, and public health measures focused on smoking cessation and reducing air pollution. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:180-186
creator: Tasfia Abonti
creator: Mithun Gupta
creator: Lamiya Tasnim Niloy
creator: Mohammad Nurunnabi
creator: Irin Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tasfia Abonti, Mithun Gupta, Lamiya Tasnim Niloy, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Irin Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 180
ending page: 186
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83300

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Kishoreganj District, Bangladesh
type: item
description: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major public health concern in terms of morbidity and financial implications. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on 728 patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in President Abdul Hamid Medical College & Hospital, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh, between September 2021 and August 2023. Clean-catch midstream urine specimens from the patients were inoculated on blood agar, McConkey Agar and chromogenic agar plates, which were incubated aerobically at 37ºC overnight. Plates with colony count exceeding 105cfu/ml were subjected for identification. Antimicrobial sensitivity was tested using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Of 728 urine samples, 210 (28.85%) had growth with urinary pathogens. The prevalence of UTI was high among females than males. Females of the reproductive age group (21-50years) constituted 60.9% of the total patients with UTI. However, the youngest age group (1-10 years) and elderly (51-70 years) males had a higher incidence of UTI (51.6% and 22.6% respectively) compared to the youngest and elderly females (10.1% and 7.2% respectively). The commonest isolates were E. coli (73%) and Enterococci (22%). E. coli showed high sensitivity to amikacin (86.9%) and gentamicin (72.5%) meanwhile Enterococci are highly sensitive to amikacin (76.6%), gentamicin (74.5%), ciprofloxacin (68.1%). To address the emerging challenges posed by E. coli, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem are also effective options in addition to amikacin. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:187-192
creator: Faijun Nahar
creator: Golam Rahman Bhuiyan
creator: Taslima Yasmin
creator: Nazia Haque
creator: Habiba Begum
creator: Saimon Tawhid
creator: Proma Basak
creator: Anindita Paul
creator: Emtiaj Ahmed Taj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Faijun Nahar, Golam Rahman Bhuiyan, Taslima Yasmin, Nazia Haque, Habiba Begum, Saimon Tawhid, Proma Basak, Anindita Paul, Emtiaj Ahmed Taj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 187
ending page: 192
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83302

Processed Food and Kidney Diseases – A Growing Threat in Bangladesh
type: item
description: Abstract not available CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:1-3
creator: Mahfuzur Rahman Khan Chowdhury
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahfuzur Rahman Khan Chowdhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83244

Snakebite in Bangladesh: Public Health Challenges and Awareness Initiatives
type: item
description: Snakebite envenoming presents a significant public health challenge in Bangladesh, particularly affecting rural and underserved populations. Infections resulting from snakebites compound medical complications, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. In this article, focuses on the complex public health challenges associated with snakebite infections in Bangladesh and emphasize the importance of awareness initiatives. Snakebites often occur in remote areas with limited access to medical care, resulting in delayed treatment and an increased risk of infections at the bite site. Secondary infections, caused by various pathogens introduced by the snake's fangs or subsequent wound contamination, further worsen the health burden. Common bacterial pathogens include Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and various Gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to severe systemic infections if not promptly and adequately treated. The challenges in addressing snakebite infections are exacerbated by a lack of healthcare infrastructure, limited availability of antivenoms, and insufficient training among healthcare providers. Additionally, socio-economic factors and cultural beliefs often result in a reliance on traditional healers, delaying effective medical intervention. To tackle these issues, public health initiatives must prioritize increasing community awareness about the dangers of snakebites and the importance of timely medical treatment. Educational campaigns should target the general population and healthcare workers, emphasizing first-aid measures, the need for rapid hospital referral, and proper wound care to prevent infections. Strengthening healthcare systems, ensuring the availability of antivenoms, and conducting epidemiological research, and increasing awareness and implementing targeted interventions are crucial steps toward mitigating the impact of snakebite infections. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:201-207
creator: Santana Rani Sarkar
creator: Nitai Chandra Ray
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Santana Rani Sarkar, Nitai Chandra Ray https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 201
ending page: 207
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83325

Role Modelling in Medical Education
type: item
description: Forming professional and humanistic physicians for the 21st century is a great challenge for medical educators worldwide. Role modelling by the medical teachers can be positive or negative and the challenge for us is to reduce the influence of negative role modelling. Positive role modelling has been defined as the process whereby faculty members exhibit knowledge, attitude, and skills; demonstrate and articulate expert thought processes; and manifest positive professional behaviour and characteristics. Role modelling is undoubtedly important in professional character formation and enhancing moral values among medical students, interns and residents who will serve the nation in future. In medical colleges and higher medical institutions of our country, some of the faculties from basic sciences and mostly clinical teachers consciously or unconsciously become positive and influential role models for the students, interns and residents. It is imperative that we as medical teachers and our institutions will come forward so that the educational environment in both undergraduate and postgraduate education supports such positive role modelling in medical education and training. Role modelling takes place in three interrelated educational environments which are the formal, informal, and hidden curriculum. Formal curriculum is the planned and structured part of medical education, including lectures, textbooks, and assessments, as we teach and train medical ethics and professionalism in regular curriculum. The informal curriculum is defined as an unspecified, predominantly ad hoc and highly interpersonal form of teaching and learning that takes place among and between faculty and students. The hidden curriculum has been defined as a set of influences that function at the level of organizational and culture, influenced by its people and environment. In this review, we tried to explore the impact of role modelling as well as the characteristics of positive role models and how r…
creator: Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi
creator: Md Billal Alam
creator: Feroza Wazed
creator: Sajed Abdul Khaleque
creator: Md Abdul Muqueet
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, Md Billal Alam, Feroza Wazed, Sajed Abdul Khaleque, Md Abdul Muqueet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 208
ending page: 213
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83326

Coronary Artery Ectasia with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case Report
type: item
description: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE), a rare condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the coronary arteries, has increasingly been recognized as a potential risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). While CAE is often asymptomatic, it can predispose individuals to thrombus formation, leading to occlusions and subsequent myocardial damage. Our case is a 36-year-old male with no prior medical problem who presented with chest pain and shortness of breath and was diagnosed as a non-STEMI. The coronary angiogram revealed multiple ectatic segments in the coronary artery with 100% stenosis in the circumflex branch. Coronary artery ectasia represents an emerging risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. The complex relationship between these two conditions is essential for improving diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. Presentation of CAE is usually asymptomatic but when present with occlusive symptoms, management is guided by the extent of occlusion similar to coronary artery disease. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:193-197
creator: Tofayel Uddin Ahmed
creator: Md Tariqul Islam Khan
creator: AHM Hasan
creator: Shayla Shahadat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tofayel Uddin Ahmed, Md Tariqul Islam Khan, AHM Hasan, Shayla Shahadat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 193
ending page: 197
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83321

Clinical Outcome with Intravitreal Brolucizumab for Retinal Vein Occlusion
type: item
description: This case study tends to report that to what extent a patient with retinal vein occlusion positively responding to intravitreal injection of Brolucizumab. In this case, Brolucizumab was recommended for a 60-year-old female who primarily presented with signs of visual loss. The best corrected visual acuity recorded as CF at 3 ft (ability to count fingers at 3 feet) in her right eye and 6/12 of the left eye. The Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 18 mmHg (right) and 24 mmHg (left). The Central corneal thickness (CCT) was 530 μm (both eyes). Lental opacity was observed in both eyes. The patient achieved significant visual improvement after a one-year follow-up with brolucizumab. There were no serious adverse effects. With appropriate monitoring, brolucizumab appears to be safe and beneficial for patients with retinal vein occlusion. CBMJ 2025 July: vol. 14 no. 02 P:198-200
creator: Dilara Khatun
creator: Md Ziaul Ahsan
creator: Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir
creator: Razia Shultana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dilara Khatun, Md Ziaul Ahsan, Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir, Razia Shultana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
volume: 14
number: 2
starting page: 198
ending page: 200
doi: 10.3329/cbmj.v14i2.83323