Human Metapneumovirus as an Emerging Respiratory Pathogen: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has emerged as a significant pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of respiratory illnesses across all age groups, with the greatest burden observed in infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Since its discovery in 2001, extensive research has revealed its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, modes of transmission, and impact on public health. It is now recognized as a leading cause of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Despite significant advances in diagnostic technologies—particularly nucleic acid amplification methods such as RT-PCR—and a growing understanding of the virology and immune response, no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral therapy is currently available. Supportive care remains the mainstay of management. Co-infections with hMPV and other respiratory pathogens, such as RSV or SARS-CoV, present additional challenges and may complicate disease severity. Moreover, the limited understanding of hMPV immunopathogenesis, particularly in vulnerable populations, emphasizes the necessity for further research. In conclusion, hMPV represents an important target for future therapeutic and preventive interventions. With ongoing research and development, especially in vaccine design and antiviral therapy, there is hope for reducing the global disease burden of hMPV and improving outcomes for those most at risk.

Journal of Monno Medical College December, 2025;11(2):141-149