A professional medical journal recognized by the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BM&DC).
Microbiological Etiology and Short-Term Outcome of Meningoencephalitis Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital -50 Cases
Introduction with Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the etiology and short-term outcome of Meningoencephalitis. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, from July 22 to June 2023. 50 Patients enrolled within the study period with features of Meningoencephalitis fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee. A detailed history, clinical examination was carried out. In addition to the routine blood test, CSF samples were collected as soon as possible from all patients unless contraindicated and sent for cytological, biochemical, and microbiological tests. Data were collected in the pre-formed standard data collection form, recorded in separate case records and analyzed by SPSS 26.0. Results: Our results demonstrate the most of the cases (24, 48%) was tubercular meningoencephalitis, followed by (15, 30%) bacterial meningoencephalitis and (11,22%) viral meningoencephalitis. Gram positive diplococci found in 5 (33%) participants, 1 (6%) participant detected to had S. pneumoniae in PCR in the bacterial meningoencephalitis group. 1 (9%) participant detected to had Herpes simplex and 1 (9%) Varicella zoster in PCR among viral meningoencephalitis group. MTB detected in 8 (33%) participants in the tubercular meningoencephalitis group. Most of the participants 7 (46%), 18 (75%) who was diagnosed with bacterial and tubercular meningoencephalitis were severely disabled respectively, 7 (63%) who was diagnosed with viral meningoencephalitis had good recovery. Mean ± SD of the duration of hospital stay of the tubercular meningoencephalitis was highest (31.91 ± 12.46 days). Most of the participants who had a poor outcome presented with headaches, GCS<8 (OR 9.84),increased ESR, decreased Glucose (mg/dl) in CSF, abnormal CT/MRI Findings, low GOS- E score, increased duration of hospital stay between the participants who had a poor outcome, were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study tubercular meningoencephalitis was the most common microbiological etiology of meningoencephalitis and most of the patients 18 (75%) were severely disabled, 3 (12.5%) died. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 3-9
Sociodemographic, Hormonal and Marital Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression
Introduction with Objective: Postpartum mood disorders are the most common type of maternal morbidity following delivery and childbirth symbolizes for women a moment of extreme vulnerability to become mentally ill. The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic, hormonal and marital factors associated with postpartum depression. Materials & Methods: This Case control Study was carried out among 140 patients attending Outpatient and Inpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital within the defined period from 1st January to 31st December 2022. The study was comprised of two groups, cases and controls. Patients attending outpatient and inpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, who scored 10 or more than 10 in Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were considered as case group and who scored less than 10 in Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were considered as control group. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Result: Most of the cases (n=62, 88.6%) had good understanding with their husbands in comparison of controls (n=69, 98.6%). Among the participants, who did not have good understanding with their husbands, number of cases 8(11.4%) were much higher than controls 1(1.4%) and the differences of the distributions were significant (p<0.05). Regarding the experience of domestic violence, most of the cases 54(77.1%) did not experience any domestic violence compared to 65(92.9%) of controls. 16(22.9%) cases had experienced domestic violence, compared to 5(7.1%) of controls. Participants who experienced domestic violence had higher rate of developing depression than controls and the differences of the distributions were statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Post partum depression prevention appears to be possible and successful. Good understanding with the husband, support from family members and domestic violence are the important factor for PPD. Finally, there is an increasing effort to incorporate routine primary care for pregnant and postpartum women that includes mental health screening, treatment or referral, and follow-up care. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 10-13
Angiographic Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients in Relation to Age and Sex
Introduction: This study investigates the demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, angiographic findings, and associated risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) among 120 patients undergoing coronary angiography at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases. (NICVD). Objective: The primary objective was to analyze the pattern of CAD and assess its correlation with known risk factors in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional observational design. It was conducted at the Cardiology Department of the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases. (NICVD). The study duration was one year from July 2024 to June 2025. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between age, sex, and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients concurrently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, using data derived from coronary angiography. Results: The analysis revealed that CAD predominantly affects middle-aged individuals, with a mean patient age of 54.53 years. Males comprised most of the sample, emphasizing a gender disparity in CAD prevalence. Among angiographic patterns, Single Vessel Disease (SVD) was the most common (46.67%), followed by Double Vessel Disease (33.33%) and Triple Vessel Disease (20.00%). The Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery was most frequently involved (62.12%), underlining its critical role in ischemic heart disease. Hypertension (37.50%) and Diabetes Mellitus (28.33%) were the most prevalent comorbid conditions, both significantly associated with multi-vessel involvement. Most patients presented with effort-related chest pain, while a substantial portion required revascularization interventions including Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). Conclusion: This study underscores the urgent need for early identification and control of modifiable risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes to prevent CAD progression. The findings are consistent with both regional and global data, offering valuable insights for clinicians and public health policymakers aiming to reduce the CAD burden in South Asia. Limitations include a single-center design and a modest sample size, suggesting the need for larger, multi-center longitudinal studies. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 14-18
Serum Vitamin D Status in Children with Pancreatitis
Introduction and Objective: The incidence of pancreatitis in children has significantly increased in the past two decades. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K) can be seen in pancreatitis. This study evaluate serum vitamin D status in children with Pancreatitis. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, BMU, Dhaka, from January, 2022 to December, 2022. A total of 30 children with the diagnosis of Pancreatitis was included as cases (Group I) and 20 children with the diagnosis of functional constipation was included as control (Group II) in the study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <15, 15 to 19 and ­20 ng/ml were defined as vitamin D ‘‘deficiency’’, ‘‘insufficiency’’ and “sufficiency” respectively. Results: Mean age of case was 8.48±4.16 years and control was 9.88± 2.68 years. Acute pancreatitis (AP) was 30%, acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) was 26.7% and chronic pancreatitis (CP) was 43.3% among the 30 patients. In AP, serum vitamin D level was 10.32-24.5 ng/ml and mean value was 15.06±4.33 ng/ml. In ARP, serum vitamin D was 9.4-26.1 ng/ml and mean value was 16.54±5.56 ng/ml. In Chronic Pancreatitis, serum vitamin D level was 4.24-15.4 ng/ml and mean value was 8.21±3.61 ng/ml. In controls, serum vitamin D level was 11.15-23.28 ng/ml and mean value was 16.15±3.55 ng/ml. Mean vitamin D level in pancreatitis patients were 12.49±5.73 ng/ml, compared to 16.15±3.55 ng/ml in controls (p = 0.014), it was found statistically significant. Vitamin D deficiency found in 66.7% patients in case (group I). Serum calcium was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with vitamin D level (r=0.633; p=0.001). Conclusion: Serum vitamin D level was low in patients with pancreatitis compared with control group. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 19-24
A Comparative Prospective Study of Handsewn versus Stapled Anastomosis in Gastrointestinal Surgery
Introduction and objectives: Though laparotomy has been practiced for many years, the optimal procedure for repair of gut remains controversial. Gut suturing is an important part of gastrointestinal operations and can be achieved by hand suturing or by the newly developed staplers. The choice for suturing between a stapling device and a hand-sewn approach depends on the surgeon’s choice and experience of the surgeon. Technical fault of intestinal repair leads to leakage; regarded one of the most common complication in surgical practice & is more serious and life threatening condition. Recent advancement is the use of stapler as a device for gut repair. Because of the use of staplers technical failures is a rarity, suturing is more consistent. It can be used at difficult places. Aims: To assess and compare stapling and hand sewing method of anastomosis, the technique of stapling is better than hand sewing in a prospective study in patients undergoing elective gut surgery. Materials and Methods: The prospective comparative study was carried out in the Medical College for Women and Hospital (MCWH) and different private hospital, in Uttara, Dhaka, January 2019 to December 2023. A total of 100 cases which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study population included patients who underwent elective gut surgeries for various conditions of stomach, small bowel, large bowel and rectum were alternatively placed in stapled and hand sewn group. One group A (n = 50) hand sewing and the other group B (n = 50) undergoing stapling. Outcome factors: anastomotic time, duration of operation, hospital stay. Results: The mean age was 41.82±12.31 and 45.48±11.96 yrs. in the hand-sewn group and stapled group respectively. Both mean and median ages were slightly higher in the stapler group (45.48 vs. 41.82 years; 45.5 vs. 42.5 years), but the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean duration of surgery was 133.86±7.71 minutes in the stapled group and 146.50±5.28 minutes in the hand sewn group (P<0.05). Stapled group had significantly shorter anastomotic and operative times than hand sewn Group, with mean anastomotic times of 11.60 vs. 39.98 minutes and operative times of 133.86 vs. 146.50 minutes (p < 0.001). Post-operative complications were higher in the hand-sewn group, with lower rates of fever, infection, dehiscence, and leakage in the stapler group. Complication-free cases were more in the stapler group (80% vs. 42%). The overall difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). The stapler group had a significantly shorter hospital stay than the hand-sewn group (mean 8.94 vs. 11.78 days, p<0.001). Conclusion: With use of staplers there was a significantly decrease in duration of surgery. Stapling technique appears to be safer and accuracy as sutures. It reduced duration of hospital stay which helps ultimately in early return to routine work, importantly staplers can be used at places where hand sewn anastomosis is technically difficult. Stapler anastomosis is a new surgical innovation that can be performed successfully and safely. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 25-31
Invasive Fungal Infections in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Introduction: Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are common nosocomial infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Method: It was a cross-sectional and observational study. A total of 77 peripheral venous blood samples were collected from clinically suspected IFI patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The study was conducted from December 2022 to August 2023. Result: A total of 77 critically ill patients with a high risk of invasive fungal infection (IFI) were classified based on blood culture into three groups: no fungemia (41 patients with proven bacterial sepsis), suspected fungemia (25 patients with negative blood culture), and definite fungemia group (11 patients with culture-proven fungemia). 10/54 presented Candida spp. and 1/54 presented Aspergillus spp. Hospitalization for more than 3 weeks, the use of a central device, persistent thrombocytopenia, and CRP levels were significantly higher in the definite fungemia group compared to the other two groups. In contrast, mechanical ventilation lasting more than 1 week was significantly higher in the definite fungemia group compared with the no fungemia group. IFI was more commonly seen in patients with autoimmune diseases (p = 0.002, odds ratio 10.13, 95% CI: 2.3-44). The majority of cases were from the age group of _60 years, predominantly male. Conclusion: Invasive fungal infection is grossly underreported in critical settings. Early suspicion, thorough investigation, and timely diagnosis may alleviate patients of significant mortality and morbidity. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 32-36
Pathological Association of Mandibular Second Molar by Third Molar in the Specialized Dental Center of Bangladesh
Introduction: Mandibular third molar can causes both localized and regional complications due to its frequently abnormal positioning. This pathological positioning combined with its problematic eruption, often leads to several pathologies affecting adjacent teeth—most notably, the second mandibular molar. Materials & Methods: This is a prospective study that was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Military Dental Centre, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2024 - June 2025. The study population comprised of consented consecutive subjects requiring third molar extraction during the study period. To ensure diagnostic validity in this study, radiographic findings were verified with clinical records, which were collected on standard forms as part of the routine examination process. Results: There were no statistically significant differences of prevalence of impaction/not impaction (p=0.726), angulations (p=0.308) and side (p=0.208) of impaction among the study population. Pathologic conditions of second molars were almost common in male vs female (p= 0.478). And no statistical significance differences of pathologic condition of second molar were due to angulations (0.084) and impactions (0.774) were seen. The grossly carious second molars that were restorable we restore them either by restoration (18%) or root canal treatment (RCT) (14%) according to pulp pathological condition. But the non restorable were extracted (13%). Conclusion: Impacted mandibular third molar may causes carious lesions and periodontal disease in the adjacent second molar. Early identification and appropriate surgical management of impacted third molars can play a crucial role in preventing damage to the second molars. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 37-40
Association between Body Mass Index and Spirometric Measurements of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is a preventable and treatable disease with significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients. Body mass index (BMI) is an important indicator that can well reflect nutritional status of patients, and low BMI is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with COPD. The decline in BMI in patients with COPD is a marker of advanced disease. This study is undertaken to investigate the relationship between BMI and pulmonary function of COPD patients. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between BMI and spirometric measurements of COPD patients. Methods: This was an observational descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in inpatient and outpatient Departments of Medicine of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, from Dec. 2010 to Dec. 2011. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 82 patients diagnosed with COPD, based on history, physical examination and spirometric examination were selected for study. Results: Of the 82 patients, 20(24.39%) were of normal weight, 22(26.82%) were underweight, 25(30.48%) were overweight, 15(18.29%) were obese. FEV1/FVC and FEV1% predicted were lowest in the underweight patients and highest among the obese and overweight patients. A positive correlation between BMI and FEV1/FVC, FEV1% predicted was observed (correlation coefficient (r) was 0.788, 0.802 respectively, both P values were <0.05). Conclusion: BMI alterations are common in COPD patients. A high proportion of patients with COPD experience a significant weight loss which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Such patients should be alert to adhere to maintain nutritional status of the body so that they can avoid weight loss for better survival. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 41-45
Functional Outcome of Femoral Neck Fracture Osteosynthesis by Biplane Double Supported Screw Fixation Method (BDSF)
Background with Objective: Treatment of fracture neck of femur varies according to patient’s age, fracture pattern and time of presentation. There are various method of fixation technique like inverted triangle, triangle and diamond shape. The aim of this study was to evaluate functional outcome in fracture neck of femur fixation by biplane double supported screw fixation (BDSF) method. Materials and Methods: This was a single group prospective hospital based clinical trial and was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery in Chittagong medical college hospital for a period of one and half year from July 2018 to July 2020. Sample size was 30 with (AO /OTA-31B) fracture as per set criteria treated with BDSF enrolled through inclusion and exclusion criteria. Depending on the overall functional outcome patients were grouped as having excellent to good outcome and fair to poor outcome according to Harris hip score. Patients were followed up for 12 months. Result: Functional outcome at the final follow-up most of the patients, 23 (82.1%) had excellent outcome. Both good and poor outcome were in 02 (7.1%) and fair outcome was in only 01 (3.6%) patients respectively according to Harris Hip Score (1969). Conclusion: The achieved results with the BDSF method in terms of fracture consolidation are far more successful than the results with conventional fixation methods.The BDSF method ensures reliable fixation, early rehabilitation and excellent long-term outcomes. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 46-49
Evaluation of Functional Outcome of Proximal Humerus Fractures Treated with PHILOS Plate
Introduction: Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) are common, particularly in the elderly, and their optimal surgical management remains a subject of ongoing debate. Locking plate technology, especially the Proximal Humerus Internal Locking System (PHILOS), has been developed to address challenges in osteoporotic and comminuted fractures by enhancing fixation stability. Aim of the study: To evaluate the functional outcome and complication profile of PHFs treated with PHILOS plating in a tertiary care setting. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 32 patients with PHFs treated with PHILOS plate fixation. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Constant-Murley Score and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score. Subgroup analyses were performed based on fracture type (Neer classification), and associations between surgical timing, complications, and outcomes were analyzed statistically. Result: The mean age of patient was 55.4 ± 12.9 years, with males comprising 56.25% of the cohort. The majority of injuries resulted from low-energy falls (68.75%). Two-part fractures were the most common (37.5%), followed by three-part (40.63%) and four-part (21.88%) types. The mean Constant-Murley Score at final follow-up was 74.9 ± 9.1, with 43.75% of patients achieving excellent results. Functional outcomes were significantly better in 2-part fractures compared to 4-part fractures (p = 0.003). Complications occurred in 31.25% of patients, and were significantly associated with lower Constant scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion: PHILOS plating provides satisfactory functional outcomes in proximal humerus fractures, especially in less complex fracture patterns and when surgery is performed early. However, the presence of complications significantly compromises shoulder function. Careful patient selection, timely intervention, and postoperative rehabilitation are crucial for optimal outcomes. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 50-55
Suprapatellar versus Infrapatellar Nailing for Tibial Shaft Fractures: a Comparison of Outcomes between Two Approaches
Introduction with Objective: Tibial shaft fractures are the most prevalent type of tibia fracture. Intramedullary nailing is the standard procedure for surgical treatment of displaced tibial shaft fractures. Tibial nail insertion with suprapatellar approach with the knee in semi extended position which has advantage over infrapatellar approach. The aim of this study is to compare the surgical and clinical outcome of suprapatellar and infrapatellar approach for the tibial intramedullary nailing in patient with tibial shaft fractures. Methods: This Prospective Study was carried out among 48 patients attending at the department of Orthopedics Surgery at Chittagong Medical College Hospital; Chittagong for the treatment tibial fracture within the defined period from May 2022 to April 2023. Total 4 patients were dropped out in the middle of follow up. So follow up was done among 44 patients. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: Twenty two patients in each group completed the study per protocol and included in the analysis. Both groups are comparable in terms of their age, fracture type and fracture location (P>0.05) .The average time of union was 3.52±0.898 months and 3.36±0.790 months respectively in suprapatellar and infrapatellar approach group (P=0.535). The average duration of operation was 90.04±8.035 and 76.46±9.060 minutes respectively in suprapatellar and infrapatellar approach group (P<0.001). Mean ± SD fsluroscopy time in suprapatellar approach was 115.58 ± 8.387 seconds and in infrapatellar approach was 105.38±9.102 (P<0.001). There was no significant difference among the two groups of nailing according P Value regarding complication like malalignment. Average ROM in suprapatellar approach group was 130.91±1.5 and in infrapatellar approach group was 125.38±1.88 (P<0.001). Suprapatellar approach shows significantly better outcome by mean Lysholm Knee score in comparison to infrapatellar approach according (P Value). The proportion of patients achieved excellent functional outcome was 18(81.8%) and 17(77.3%) in suprapatellar and infrapatellar approach group (P=0.892). Conclusion: It can be concluded that suprapatellar approach produced better functional outcome than infrapatellar approach in the treatment of tibial shaft fracture when considering mean lysholm knee score, range of motion and rate of malalignment in this present clinical trial. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 56-59
Khandoker Muhammud Mazher Ali Mazher Ali
Histopathological Evaluation of Post-Operative Biopsies in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Introduction with Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the Histopathological Evaluation of Post-Operative Biopsies in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department, DDCH. A total 85 cases were selected as study population as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. After data collection and processing, all statistical analysis were done by SPSS software windows version 29. Result: A large proportion of patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage, with 62.35% in Stage IV. Perineural invasion was present in 30.5% of cases, and lymphovascular invasion was seen in 31.8%. Histologically, the majority of cases were Grade I (76.4%), and Anneroth's Grade II (40%) was the most common. Adjacent bone involvement was found in 37.6% of cases, while 20% of patients exhibited tumor necrosis. Salivary gland involvement was noted in 17.6% of cases. Pathological TNM staging revealed the highest number of patients in the PT4aN0Mx group (19.10%) and the N0 group (48.23%). The study also examined the depth of invasion, with most cases falling between 1-9 mm (18.82%) and 10-19 mm (18.82%). Extranodal extension was present in 12 cases, and several statistically significant associations were found between histopathological features, such as the highly significant relationship between perineural invasion and bony involvement. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study identifies key socio-demographic and clinical traits of oral cancer patients, revealing frequent perineural, lymphovascular, and bone involvement that indicate the disease’s aggressive nature. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 60-64
Incidence of Colorectal Carcinoma in Rectal Bleeding Patients
Introduction: In Bangladesh there is no complete data which would reflect the idea about the incidence of colorectal carcinoma in rectal bleeding patients. Nowadays the incidence of colorectal carcinoma is increasing day by day. The number of patient attending physician are increasing day by day due to increased consciousness, improved health care facility and availability of more advanced investigative tools. Rectal bleeding is one of the commonest symptoms which is commonly diagnosed and managed in the surgery department. This study is designed to evaluate the incidence as well as diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma in rectal bleeding patients in the surgery department. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the rectal bleeding patients attending outdoor and indoor in surgery department in Cu M C H. Study the incidence of colorectal carcinoma in rectal bleeding patients. Methods: All patients who presented with rectal bleeding and consequently diagnosed as colorectal carcinoma by clinical examinations, colonoscopic evaluation and histopathological examination were analyzed prospectively. Sociodemographic data & results of laboratory investigations, findings on examination were noted. The patients of rectal bleeding who give consent were included. Patients who refused & patients less than 15 years, seriously ill patients were excluded. Results: Among the 250 patients studied, 18 of the patients were diagnosed as colorectal carcinoma and incidence was 7.2%, 58 patients(23.2%) were diagnosed as haemorrhoid, 20 patients(08%) had ulcerative colitis, 08 patients(3.2%) had ileocaecal TB, 06 patients(2.4%) had caecal ulcer, 10 patients(04%) had colonic polyp. Among 18 patients of colorectal carcinoma, 15 patients distributed ≥50 years (about 83.33%) and next was 21-49 years 3 patients (about 16.67%). 12 patients were male (66.67%) and 6 were female (33.33%). 13 patients were muslim (72.22%), 5 were hindu (27.78%). 10 patients (55.56%) came from urban areas, 8 patients (44.44%) came from rural area. Among 18 case of colorectal carcinoma,10 were in rectum (55.55%), 4 in sigmoid colon (22.22%), 3 in caecum (16.67%), 1 in transverse colon (5.56%). 4 patients had a family history of colorectal carcinoma (22.22%). Among 18 case of colorectal carcinoma all were adenocarcinoma (100%) on histological examination. Conclusion: Rectal bleeding is a common problem in our community. Overall the awareness and knowledge about this symptom is poor. This study is aimed at arousing consciousness as well as diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma who presented with rectal bleeding. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 65-70
Effects of Different Doses of Rocuronium for Facilitation of Endotracheal Intubation among the Patients Undergoing General Anaesthesia
Introduction: Endotracheal intubation is an integral part of airway management duringgeneral anesthesia. With the advancement of anesthesia, there have always been a search of an ideal muscle relaxants which can provide ideal intubating conditions in short duration with minimal side effects. Rocuronium is an intermediate acting Non- depolarising Muscle Relaxant (NDMR) with rapid onset of action. The aim of this prospective observational study was to assess and compare the time of onset of action and intubating conditions with three different doses of rocuronium bromide (0.6 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg, 0.9 mg/kg). Material and Methods: This study was conducted to compare and evaluate effect of three different doses of Rocuronium bromide for endotracheal intubation in ASA I & II patients aged 18-60 years of either sex. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups according to dose of Rocuronium (Group A - 0.6 mg/kg of Rocuronium bromide, Group B - 0.75 mg/kg of Rocuronium bromide & Group C – 0.90 mg/kg of Rocuronium bromide). Jaw relaxation, vocal cord position, motor response to intubation and overall intubating conditions were assessed. Results: Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in each group were assessed by Cooper 1 criteria. Good to excellent intubating conditions were seen in 51%, 100% and 100% of the patients after 0.6 mg/kg, 0.75mg/kg, 0.9 mg/ kg of Rocuronium respectively. Onset of action were dose dependant. Conclusion: Lower, safe and sufficient dose of rocuronium bromide 0.75 mg/kg IV can produce good to excellent intubating conditions with rapid onset of action in contrast of a dose of 0.60 mg/kg IV and 0.90 mg/kg IV. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 71-75
Bacterial Aetiology of Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern
Introduction: Pathogenic microorganisms cause ocular disease and the most frequently affected parts of the eye are the conjunctiva, lid and cornea. Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of “red eye”. The major bacterial causes of conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp, Haemophilus influenzae. It was evident that the irrational use of antibiotics has greatly increased the antibiotic resistance of eye-infecting bacteria and is turning the issue into a serious challenge for the fight against bacterial infections. Objectives: To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens in acute infectious conjunctivitis and to observe their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Community Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU) during March, 2021 to August, 2022. A total of 75 patients with the age of 10 years and above diagnosed clinically as a case of acute bacterial conjunctivitis were included in this study. All isolated organisms were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against various antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. All the information was recorded in data collection sheets and analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results: In this study, 26.7% cases had culture positive and 73.3% culture negative. Staphylococcus aureus (30.0%) was the most common organism. The isolates showed the maximum antibiotic sensitivity to moxifloxacin (75.0%) and gentamicin (75.0%) and the lowest to azithromycin (25.0%). Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of the type of infection and its etiologic factors and prescription of suitable antibiotics may shorten the duration of the disease as well as transmission time. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 76-81
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Hemophilia Patients
Introduction with objective: In Bangladesh, hemophilia patients are not uncommon. Large numbers of haemophilia patients regularly attend in Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC), Department of Haematology, and Dhaka Medical College Hospital for the management of disease and its complications. The aim of the present study was to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the hemophilia patients. Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out among 50 hemophilia patients at the Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC), Department of Haematology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), and Dhaka from July 2019 to December 2019. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the patients. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Result: Majority of the respondents (38%) were less than or equal 5 years old beside 28% were 6 to 10 years old. 96% respondents were Muslim. 50% patients were unemployed and 46% were students beside only 4% were service holder. 52% patient’s economic status were middle class beside 28% were lower class and 20% were upper class. 92% patients had hemophilia A and 8% had hemophilia B. 68% had mild hemophilia, 24% had moderate and 8% had severe hemophilia. Conclusion: The present study revealed that most of the haemophilia patients belong to a middle socio-economic class, which can interfere their long-term adherence to the expensive therapy. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 82-84
Effect of Health Education Intervention on Knowledge Regarding Sexually Transmitted Infections among Rural Female School Going Adolescents
Introduction: Adolescent girls, particularly in rural areas, are vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and often have limited or inaccurate knowledge. Health education interventions play a crucial role in improving awareness and promoting preventive behaviors. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a structured health education intervention on STI-related knowledge among rural female school-going adolescents. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, one-group pre-test/post-test study was conducted among 140 Class 9 female students from two rural girls’ high schools in Tangail, Bangladesh, between January and December 2023. Data were collected using a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographics and knowledge on STI types, causative agents, transmission, symptoms, complications, prevention, and treatment. The intervention comprised a classroom-based session and a handbook in Bangla. Knowledge was reassessed two weeks post-intervention. Results: The majority of respondents (72.9%) were aged 13–15 years; with a mean age of 15.1±0.8 years (range 13–17). Baseline knowledge was low, with widespread misconceptions about STI types, causative agents, transmission, symptoms, complications, and prevention. Post-intervention, significant improvements were observed across all domains (p<0.001). Total median knowledge scores increased substantially, and the proportion of participants with good knowledge rose markedly, demonstrating the intervention’s effectiveness in enhancing STI-related awareness. Conclusion: Structured health education significantly improves knowledge of STIs among rural adolescent girls. Integrating comprehensive STI education into school curriculam can empower adolescents to adopt preventive behaviors and reduce the risk of STIs and related health issues. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 85-89
Inflammatory Marker and Sociodemographic Profile of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Introduction with Objective: To evaluate the inflammatory marker and sociodemographic profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: This study was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted at the department of Biochemistry of BIRDEM academy from January 2023 to December 2023. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of patients. Ethical clearance was obtained from the appropriate authority to get permission to collect data. The collected data were entered into the computer and analyzed by using SPSS (version 20.1) Results: mean age of the patients was 46.2±9.38 years. In our study, most of the patients were male (n=75, 51%). 77 patients (52%) had the family history of diabetes mellitus. 52.0% of patients were smokers, and 48.7% of patients consumed alcohol. Only 25.0% of patients engaged in physical activity. The majority of patients (31%) were moderately active in our study, while 25% of patients were inactive. Ischaemic heart disease was the most commonly associated disease (57%) with DM. GGT level was 41.94±26.35 u/L and hsCRP level was 4.41±11.08 mg/L of the study population. Conclusions: High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hs-CRP are strongly associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 90-92
Socio-Demographic and Clinical Outcome of the Patients with Shoulder Pain
Introduction with Objective: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal presentation in the general practice which can lead to absenteeism from work, inability to perform social activities and serious economic hardship for affected individuals and their families. The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic and clinical outcome of the patients with shoulder pain in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This Prospective observational Study was carried out among 101 patients attending at the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka within the defined period from July 2021 to December 2021. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical review committee of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the patients. Statistical analyses of the results were obtained by using window based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-20.1). Results: Majority of the patients (59.4%) were in 41-50 years age group where the mean age of the patients was 50.3 ± 7.9 years and 51 (50.5%) patients were male. Majority of the patients (45.5%) were housewives. Most of the patients (n=94, 93.1%) had normal body mass index. Majority of the patients (56.4%) had duration of pain for 1-3 months where the mean duration of pain of the patients was 3.9 ± 2.5 months. The mean pain score in VAS was 4.9 ± 1.1 where 47 patients (46.5%) had score from 3-4. Local tenderness was present in rotator cuff muscle in 88 (87.1%) patients while 65 (64.4%) had tenderness on Gleno-humeral joint. Majority of the patients (59.4%) had shoulder pain on right shoulder. Conclusion: Shoulder pain is more common in older people, with the peak prevalence occurring in people aged 41-50 years and more common in male. Obesity is a risk factor for shoulder pain. Recognizing high-risk patients can help physicians for counseling them and recommend strategies for prevention. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 93-95
Arsenic-Induced Keratosis and Bowen's Disease
Introduction with objective: Arsenicosis is a major public health problem in Bangladesh. The most common manifestation of arsenicosis is the development of keratosis in the palms and soles which affect the economic condition of the patients by reducing their working ability. In addition, it may cause Bowen’s disease. The aim of the present study was to observe the keratoses and Bowens disease patients due to arsenicosis. Materials and Methods: This Observational study was carried out among 31 arsenic induced Bowen’s disease and keratoses patients at the Pharmacology department, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), Dhaka and two arsenic affected endemic areas [Bhanga Upazilla of Faridpur District (about 150 km from Dhaka) and Babutipara Union, Muradnagar Upazilla, Cumilla District (about 108 km from Dhaka)] from September 2017 to January 2019. Purposive sampling was done according to availability of the patients. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science. Result: The mean (± SD) age of the arsenical keratosis patients was 41.3 ± 13 years. The mean amount of arsenic in the tube well water consumed by the arsenical keratosis patients was 222.4 ± 111.3 μg/L and in the nail sample of the patients was 8.8 ± 4.3 μg/g. The mean duration of exposure to arsenic contaminated water of the arsenical keratosis patients was 11.3 ± 1.7 years. The mean duration of the appearance of arsenical keratosis lesions was 6.5 ± 2.1 years. The mean (± SD) age of the Bowen's patients was 56.2 ± 4.4 years. The mean amount of arsenic in the tube well water consumed by the Bowen's patients was 222.4 ± 111.3 μg/L and in the nail sample of the Bowen's patients was 8.8 ± 4.3 μg/g. The mean duration of exposure to arsenic contaminated water of the Bowen's patients was 11.3 ± 1.7 years. The mean duration of the appearance of lesions was 6.5 ± 2.1 years. Conclusion: Chronic arsenicism may lead to both cutaneous and systemic neoplasms and patients should undergo regular long-term examination. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 96-98
Self-assessment of Phase IV Faculty at Government Medical Colleges in Mymensingh Division
Introduction with Objective: Self-evaluation of faculties is a process in which instructors reflect on their teaching, research, and service activities and assess their own performance in these areas. According to curriculum 2012 phase IV include Medicine and Allied subjects, Surgery and Allied subjects, Gynecology and Obstetrics. The aim of the present study was to find the self assesment of Phase IV faculty at government medical colleges in Mymensingh division. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive type of observational study was carried out among 166 participants within the defined period from January 2023 to December 2023. The study was carried out among faculties of phase IV of three government Medical Colleges of Mymensingh division. The sampling method of this study was purposive type non-probability sampling. All the data were compiled and sorted properly and the quantitative data was analyzed statistically by using Statistical Package for Social Science named SPSS 25.0 Result: The mean age of the respondents was 48.37±5.33 years. Majority of the respondents were male (136, 82%) and rest were female (30, 18%). Only 64.5% of respondents were completely informed about curriculum outline and assessment process of disciplines just after joining. Majority of the respondents were almost satisfied (59.0%) about their own teaching capabilities. However, whom were not completely satisfied, 41% needed research method, 36.1% needed information technology, 30.1% needed teaching method, 25.9% needed instruction material design, and 24.7% needed assessment method to develop the teaching capabilities. To support for faculty development, 51.8% respondents had attended any training programs. 100% respondents had knowledge about internet use. 99.4% knew power point, 95.2% knew Microsoft word, 30.3% had Excel and 19.4% had SPSS knowledge. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study on faculties of Phase IV in government medical colleges of the Mymensingh division offered a comprehensive overview of various aspects related to demographics, knowledge, self-satisfaction, faculty development initiatives and computer literacy. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 99-102
Evaluation of Bacterial Profile of Hand and Stethoscope of Doctors with their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hygiene in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital
Introduction: The rapid resurgence of infectious disease severity observed in recent times has multimodal underlying causes. Healthcare associated infection is not an uncommon but often neglected subset of overall infection burden. Physicians play a central role both in conveying and preventing the nosocomial spread. The stethoscope and dominant hand of physicians can transmit infection if their knowledge, attitude and practice pertaining these surfaces are suboptimal. Materials and Methods: We undertook a cross-sectional study to evaluate the knowledge attitude and practice of 70 physicians working in a tertiary teaching hospital related to hand and stethoscope hygiene and their paired sample (n=140) bacteriological profile. Smear sample was collected from each participant’s dominant hand and stethoscope diaphragm to determine the bacterial load and antibiogram. Result: 90% or more physicians know about the role of their hand and stethoscope as a potential mean to spread infection to patients. They also are aware (90%) that consistent hand and stethoscope hygiene can reduce the risk significantly but unfortunately only 18.6% of them were found to clean hands before every patient contact and 61.4% had stated that they clean their stethoscope diaphragm rarely. E. coli was the predominant (55%) organism found in paired hand and stethoscope swabs followed by pseudomonas (8%) and klebsiella (3%). Almost 1 in 3 (33.8%) samples had no growth. 89.5% of all swabs collected from Medicine department had some growth, succeeded by Emergency (75%) and Pediatrics (62.5%). The difference across the departments was significant (p=0.006). Conclusion: There is a vast gap between the knowledge and the practice regarding hand hygiene and stethoscope hygiene among physicians. This can easily be regarded as a blind spot for hospital acquired infection. Strict national guideline and institutional protocol should be implemented to resolve this potential risk. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 103-109
Impact of Regional Genetic Variations on Hemoglobinopathies and Beta Thalassemia in Bangladesh: A Study of Hb E, Beta Thalassemia and Public Health Outcomes
Introduction: Hemoglobinopathies, including beta-thalassemia and Hb E, are major genetic disorders in Bangladesh. Their impact on public health is influenced by regional genetic variations, particularly in Rajshahi Division. Objective: To evaluate the influence of regional genetic variations on the prevalence of Hb E and beta-thalassemia, and their public health implications in Bangladesh, focusing on genetic traits and disease outcomes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Haematology, Rajshahi Medical College, from January 2024 to December 2024. A total of 348 patients with suspected hemoglobinopathies were included, referred by physicians from different departments for Hb electrophoresis. Patients aged 9 months to 67 years (148 male, 190 female) were analyzed. Variables like age, sex, and different hemoglobinopathies were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, including standard deviation (SD), and p-value calculation. Results: Of the 348 samples, 192 exhibited abnormal hemoglobin profiles, while 156 had normal results. The distribution of abnormal findings was as follows: 86 (24.7%) Hb E trait, 16 (4.6%) Hb E disease, 70 (20.1%) beta-thalassemia trait, 18 (5.2%) Hb E-beta thalassemia, and 2 (0.6%) Hb S-beta thalassemia. The mean age of the patients was 22.4 years, with a standard deviation (SD) of 12.3 years. For Hb E trait, the standard deviation was 2.1, and for beta-thalassemia trait, it was 3.3. The p-value for the correlation between Hb E prevalence and regional variations was found to be < 0.05, indicating a statistically significant relationship. Additionally, the difference in disease burden between males and females was not statistically significant (p = 0.12). The highest prevalence was observed in the southern region, where the frequency of Hb E and beta-thalassemia traits reached 30%. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence and regional genetic variations influencing hemoglobinopathies in Bangladesh. Targeted genetic screening and public health interventions are essential for improving patient outcomes. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 110-116
Effects of Parental Health Education Program on Complications of Circumcision among Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: Circumcision in male children, however, is a commonly practiced surgical procedure, but still, remains a matter of great concern for parents/caregivers particularly regarding complications and caring for their children only because of their lack of knowledge. Parental health education programs might be an effective means to minimize the complications while enhancing better outcomes. Methods: This prospective type of educational interventional study was carried out among a total of 140 participants (parents/ caregivers- the mean age of whom was 35.34(SD±5.445 years) whose children (only male) were of 1-14 years old, eligible for circumcision selected employing purposive sampling technique. A specifically designed data collection sheet based on a set of questionnaires including both closed (yes/no) and open-ended questions before and after the program was used for data collection and data was analyzed with SPSS version 23. Results: Before the health education program, out of a total of 140 parents, 111(79.3%) did not have any idea about the health education program on circumcision. 95(67.9%) were almost unaware of solving any post-operative problem/complication. 67(47.5%) & 93(66.4%) respectively had no idea & lack of knowledge in caring of their children. Contrary to this, after the health education program, (51.4%), (45.7%), (47.1%), (48.6%) & (54.4%) respectively out of 140(100%) participants, strongly acknowledged the effectiveness of the education program in perspective of care of their children, in the easy handle of their children, in the identification of child problem easily, in coping up with their children along with anxiety reduction and appreciation in child care. 90(64.3%), & 80(57.1%) expressed a high level of benefits & satisfaction. Besides, 96(68.6%) needed follow-up visits after 7 days, and 100(71.4%) required only single-time visits. Altogether, around 63.7% of caregivers strongly recommend establishing a parental health education system before circumcision of the children. Conclusions: Parental health education program before circumcision has tremendous success in augmenting the knowledge, awareness, and confidence level of parents regarding caring for their children and thus reducing complications along with minimizing the burden of hospitals after circumcision. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 117-122
Evaluation of Serum Interleukin-6 Level in grade II-III Knee Osteoarthritis: A Study of 61 Patients
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is highly debilitating due to pain, stiffness, loss of function, disability and impaired quality of life. Currently, there is no effective treatment for OA because the pathophysiology of OA is poorly understood. To know whether inflammation is associated or not with OA, the aim of the present study was to assess serum interleukin-6 level in grade II-III knee OA. Materials and Methods: Adults with knee pain, radiologically diagnosed with mild to moderate (grade II-III) knee OA, participated in this observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. X-ray of knee joint of total 61 patients were done and diagnosed as grade II or III knee OA by a competent physiatrist according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiographic grading scale in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation at BMU from October 2023 to June 2024. Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method at the Snibe Maglumi 2000+ system. Results: In this study, serum IL-6 level was found to be increased in 55 (90.16%) out of 61 patients. However, serum IL-6 level was found within normal range in rest of the 6 (9.84%) patients. Conclusion: Inflammation might be associated with the knee OA. Serum IL-6 level may be used as a biomarker to help the clinicians for diagnosis and target for the anti-inflammatory therapy of knee OA. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 123-128
Pap’s Test Result Proved by Colposcopy and Directed Biopsy in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in female with high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fourth most occurring malignancy and results in an estimated 530,000 new cases annually with 270,000 deaths. In many developed countries, health education, awareness programs and early detection and appropriate management achieve 80% reduction in mortality. Cervical cancer death is successfully prevented in developed countries by cervical cytology screening. Methods: This was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in Gynaecological Oncology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Duration of the study was one year from July 2018 to June 2019. It was aimed to evaluate the performance status of Pap's smear as a screening test for cervical cancer. Sample size was Hundred and Pap's smear were collected at GOPD. Cytology of the sample were done by conventional method. All the patients underwent colposcopy and directed biopsy at the colposcopy clinic of Gynae Oncology. Result: The result shows maximum (44%) patients had first intercourse at 10-15 years of age. Maximum (72%) patients came from low socioeconomic condition. The specificity and positive predictive value of pap's test was found as 81% and 52.63% respectively. According to pap's report 19% patients were positive and according to colposcopy biopsy 59% patients were positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Conclusion: Cervical cancer screening for the early diagnosis of CIN, pap's smear is mandatory. VIA as a screenings test is not sufficient for the postmenopausal women. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 129-132
Revitalizing Bangladesh’s Health Care Financing Strategy: Implications from the Health Care Financing Strategy 2012-2032
Abstract not available Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 1-2
Self-Medication Practices and Associated Factors in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh
Introduction: Self-medication is a common public health problem in Bangladesh, influenced by the easy availability of medicines and limited regulatory enforcement. Irrational drug use, especially antibiotics, poses serious health risks. Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-medication and identify associated factors among the general population of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2025 among 450 adults in selected urban and rural areas. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were performed using SPSS (v26), with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 67.8%. Frequently used medicines included analgesics (48.3%), antibiotics (26.4%), antihistamines (22.7%) and gastrointestinal agents (18.2%). Major reasons for self-medication were previous experience with similar illness (42.1%), saving time (27.3%), and avoiding consultation fees (18.9%). Significant associations were found between self-medication and education level (p=0.031), monthly income (p=0.017), and easy access to drug stores (p=0.009). Conclusion: Self-medication is widely prevalent, with considerable misuse of antibiotics. Public health education, pharmacist-led counseling, and stronger regulatory measures are necessary to minimize inappropriate self-medication practices. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 133-136
A Critical Evaluation of the WHO's Air Pollution Harm Reduction Strategy in Dhaka: Health Promotion, Behaviour Change, and Ethical Implications
Introduction: Air pollution is the causative factor for considerable morbidity and premature death worldwide. This review critiques the WHO's Air Pollution Harm Reduction Strategy in Dhaka, Bangladesh, through the lens of the HBM by analysing its effectiveness and ethical implications. Materials and Methods: This critical review synthesises findings from WHO publications, peer-reviewed journals, and public health data on Dhaka's air quality management. The approach involves thematic analysis of health promotion strategies and behavioural change interventions. Discussion: The findings highlight that while the WHO strategy is successful in raising awareness and providing a policy direction, it continues to be hampered by economic barriers, weak enforcement, and absence of local engagement. HBM explains personal motivation toward cleaner practices but falls short on systemic inequities and gendered exposures. Conclusion: A multi-sectoral policy enforcement, equity-focused planning, and culturally sensitive communication are some of the basic tenets for structuring Dhaka's air pollution strategy toward sustainable impact. Strengthening community ownership and data-driven governance bridges the gap between global frameworks and local realities. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 137-141
A Decade of Health Budget Growth in Bangladesh
The health sector budget in Bangladesh has experienced significant growth over the past decade, reflecting the government's increasing commitment to improving public health and healthcare infrastructure. This study explores the trends and implications of the health sector’s budget allocations from 2015 to 2025, with a focus on fiscal policies, government priorities, and the impact on public health outcomes. Using a longitudinal analysis of national budget documents and supplementary data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, this report examines the correlation between budget increases and improvements in healthcare accessibility, quality of services, and health outcomes. The analysis reveals a consistent rise in the budgetary allocation, with notable jumps in the years 2017, 2020, and 2024. Despite these increases, the report highlights the challenges of translating budgetary growth into sustainable improvements due to systemic inefficiencies, underfunding of key areas, and a growing population. Recommendations include optimizing resource allocation, enhancing the efficiency of healthcare expenditure, and fostering greater public-private partnerships to ensure equitable access to healthcare services across Bangladesh. The report concludes that while budget growth is promising, targeted reforms and strategic investments are essential to achieve long-term health sector sustainability. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 142-147
Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh: A Looming Public Health Crisis
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly rising public health concern worldwide and a major burden in Bangladesh due to urbanization, lifestyle changes, and socioeconomic disparities. The rising prevalence rates of T2DM pose a threat to overwhelm an already overburdened health system. The current article aims to highlight the rising burden of T2DM in Bangladesh and assess existing disease management policies in the context of a health system burden and equity. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by reviewing various journal articles and reports published by international health organizations and national policies. The findings and evidence on various aspects of T2DM in Bangladesh were synthesized under various themes and subheadings. Discussion: Based on the findings, it is evident that Bangladesh has made considerable progress in developing national policies to address non-communicable diseases. However, there is a need to address various challenges and gaps in primary care services and high out-of-pocket expenditure. Socioeconomic disparities and gender disparities also need to be addressed. Furthermore, mental health comorbidities need to be addressed to improve disease outcomes. Conclusion: The problem of T2DM in Bangladesh is an emerging public health crisis that requires a concerted, equitable, and multi-faceted response. Strengthening primary care, mental health care, affordability, and community-based prevention are critical steps in controlling the rising tide of T2DM. Medicine Today 2026, Vol.38 (1): 148-151