Exploring The Link Between Diabetes Mellitus and Gingival Diseases

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and systemic inflammatory dysregulation. Increasing evidence suggests a strong association between diabetes and periodontal diseases, particularly gingival inflammation. Objective: To evaluate the association between diabetes mellitus and gingival diseases and determine the influence of glycemic control on gingival health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adults aged 30–65 years, including 100 diabetic patients and 100 non-diabetic controls. Gingival status was assessed using the Gingival Index (GI). Glycemic status was evaluated using fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis. Results: The prevalence of gingival disease was significantly higher among diabetic patients (78%) compared with non-diabetic individuals (42%) (p < 0.001). Mean GI scores were significantly elevated in diabetics (1.85 ± 0.45) compared to controls (0.98 ± 0.36). Patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >7%) exhibited markedly higher gingival disease prevalence (86%) compared to those with controlled diabetes (52%). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is strongly associated with increased prevalence and severity of gingival diseases, with glycemic control serving as a key modifying factor. These findings support integrated medical–dental management strategies.

Journal of Dentistry and Allied Science, Vol. 9 No 1: 56-61