Enhancing Transparency and Accountability in Nuclear Material Management Using Blockchain Technology

Abstract

The management and tracking of nuclear materials are essential to meeting the national and international security commitments and safeguards obligations. Currently, nuclear material tracking systems are based on the State Systems of Accounting and Control (SSAC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines. This process relies on centralized databases, manual records, and periodic inspections, leading to delayed reporting, risks of data falsification, and limited real-time monitoring. This study proposes a blockchain-based framework for secure and transparent tracking of nuclear material in nuclear facilities. The framework integrates blockchain technology, smart contracts, and IoT-enabled monitoring devices to automate material registration, shipment authorization, custody transfer, compliance verification, and reporting processes. A decentralized and immutable ledger is designed to connect key stakeholders, including production facilities, suppliers, operating facilities, storage facilities, regulatory authorities, and the centralized authority, such as the IAEA. The proposed model enables secure real-time monitoring and recording of material-related transactions throughout the supply chain. The objectives are to improve transparency, data integrity, accountability, and traceability while reducing administrative complexity and risks associated with falsification, diversion, sabotage, or misuse of nuclear materials. The proposed system modernizes existing nuclear material accountancy practices and strengthens national safeguards and global nuclear non-proliferation efforts.