Submissions

Author Guidelines

Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology is an official journal of Ebu Press Ltd.

Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology publishes high quality and novelty scientific papers focusing on Bioscience and Biotechnology (Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Animal Sciences, Aquatic Biology, Zoology, Food Science & Technology, Marine Bioscience, Biotechnology, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Developmental Biology, Immunology and Microbiology, Applied Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, Genetics, Genetic Engineering, Bioinformatics, Enzyme Engineering, Nano-Bio-Analysis, Protein Engineering, Computational Biology, Biological Evolution, Industrial Processes, Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Biostatistics, Biophysics and so on).

The following types of papers are included in Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology: (1) Review articles, (2) Full length research articles, and (3) Short communications.

Online Submission

Submit your manuscript through BanglaJOL’s online journal management system. We check the plagiarism with the use of iThenticate/Turnitin. To reduce the similarity, please give proper citations and use the words/sentences carefully.

Terms of Submission

Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere and are not currently under consideration by another journal. It is assumed that all named authors  agree with the contents and form of the manuscript and are responsible for the validity and originality of data contained therein. It is the author’s responsibility to validate the manuscript’s contents; however, the editorial board of the AAJBB will be responsible for correcting contents if necessary (please refer to the ‘Correction and Retraction Policy’).

Review Process

Articles submitted to Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology are subject to strict peer-reviewing. Once a manuscript passes the initial checks, it will be assigned to at least two independent experts for peer-review. The journal operates a single blind peer-review (the reviewers know the authors’ identities, but the authors do not know the reviewers’ identities). The journal’s management will try to get the submitted manuscript reviewed as early as possible. Usually reviewers are requested to complete the review as early as possible; however, delay in the review process will not be on the part of AAJBB management. If all processes from complete submission to revision go smoothly, then 6-8 weeks are usually required to reach a conclusion (Acceptance/Rejection). For more details, please visit Review Policy.

After Provisional Acceptance

Upon provisional acceptance of a paper for publication, the corresponding author will receive the email regarding payment of article processing charge. Charges must be paid within 10 days as per instructions given in the email. Acceptance will be final after the payment of publication charge.

Proof corrections: The corresponding author will receive an e-mail containing PDF (portable document format). The proof can be downloaded as a PDF. Proofs must be returned to the Editor within five days of receipt with corrections if any. If there is no correction then the corresponding author must reply accordingly. We ask that you only correct typesetting errors and grammatical errors if any. Please note that the author is responsible for all statements made in their work, including changes made.

Online publication: Online articles are complete and final. They have been fully reviewed, revised and edited for publication, and the authors’ final corrections have been incorporated. We do assign DOI to each newly published article. We will send the email to all authors once the article is published.

Reprints: Reprints will not be provided, if it is deemed necessary to have reprints, authors have to place order well in time on extra payment. Contact us if you have any questions.

General Guidelines for Manuscript Preparation

• All materials must be written in standard english.
• Manuscript must be double-spaced throughout.
• Type written using 12 font size Times New Roman on A4 paper MS WORD format.
• The page number and line number must be assigned throughout the manuscript continuously from the title page.
• Divide your article (excluding abstract, keywords, acknowledgements, data availability, conflict of interest, authors’ contribution, and references) into clearly defined and numbered sections using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, …), 1.2, etc.
• One of the manuscript author(s) should be corresponding author, who takes responsibility for the paper during submission and peer review.
• Superscript numbers (¹) should be used to link author with institution and an asterisk (*) to refer to the corresponding author.
• The abbreviations and acronyms should be defined the first time they used in the manuscript.
• Do not use abbreviations in the title until and unless they are unavoidable.
• Use the standard mathematical notation for formulae/symbols.
• Genus and species names should be in italics.
• Internationally accepted (SI) signs and symbols should be used for units.
• The Tables and Figures must not be submitted separately and should appear in the text after the reference section.
• A cover letter (one page in the doc file) should be submitted with the manuscript (title page and main manuscript together in a single doc file). The cover letter should contain a statement explaining why the work should be considered for publication in this journal, and that the manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. The cover letter should also contain the statement that ‘All authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to AAJBB’. The authors are encouraged to suggest 2 to 3 reviewers.

Title Page: The following information should be included:

• Type of article: Review/Research/Short Communication
• Title (should be clear, descriptive, and not too long)
• Authors' full names and affiliations
• Corresponding author: Ensure his / her full name, address, phone, and e-mail.

Main Manuscript Structure: The main manuscript should be in the following sequence:

• Abstract
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Or Results and Discussion
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgements
• Data availability
• Conflict of interest
• Authors’ contribution
• References
• Tables
• Figures

Abstract and Keywords

• The abstract must be concise and informative providing the main aim of the work, methods, principal results, and conclusions.
• An abstract of no more than 300 words (Review and Research Articles) or 100 words for Short Communication.
• At the end of the abstract, keywords (3-6 words) related to the manuscript work must be provided for indexing, abstracting, and retrieval purposes.

Introduction

• This section should contain a brief review of the problem with which the study deals, validate the approach taken, and formulate the goals.
• This section should include recent references.

Materials and Methods

• This section must include a statement regarding ethical approval of the study as a first subheading. If there is no need for approval for your study, then include the sentence accordingly.
• This section must include a statement regarding ‘patient consent’ if applicable. For research articles, authors are required to state in the Materials and Methods section whether patients provided informed consent and whether the consent was written or verbal.
• Authors are requested to refer to the reporting guidelines relevant to their study type e.g. CONSORT. The guidelines on reporting sex and gender information (SAGER) should also be considered. These guidelines can be found on the Equator Network.
• This section must be clear and sufficient with experimental details to reproduce the works by other researchers.
• Previously published procedures or methods should be cited without any detailed descriptions.
• New procedures and techniques should be described in details.
• Instruments and reagents information should be specified.
• The source from which the sample has been obtained should be mentioned.

Results

• This section should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, and the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
• Repetition of the same data in different forms should be avoided.

Discussion

• Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted from the perspective of previous studies (recent references) and the working hypotheses.
• The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible, and the limitations of the work should be highlighted.
• This section may be combined with Results.

Conclusions

• This section should clearly explain the work’s main conclusions, highlighting its importance and relevance, including any practical applications.
• Future research directions may also be mentioned.

Acknowledgements

• Under this section please specify contributors to the article other than the authors accredited.
• This section must include information relating to supporting grants. You must have to include the details of the funding institute with address and grant number.
• If there was no funding, the following wording should be used: “This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.”
• Any suppliers of materials should be named and their location (town, state/county, country) included if appropriate.

Data availability

Authors are required to include a ‘Data availability’ section in their manuscript and this section should appear between the ‘Acknowledgements’ and the ‘Conflict of interest’. The intention of this section is to provide readers with information on where they can obtain the research data required to reproduce the work reported in the manuscript. This statement should describe how readers can access the data supporting the conclusions of the study and clearly outline the reasons why unavailable data cannot be released. Authors of papers that are not based on original data, such as Review articles, need not include a ‘Data availability’ section.

Conflict of interest

All authors must disclose any commercial or other association (e.g., pharmaceutical stock ownership, consultancy, advisory board membership, travel grants, relevant patents, or research funding) that might pose a conflict of interest regarding the submitted manuscript. The corresponding author will be responsible for obtaining the relevant information from all co-authors. Appropriate declarations or “None to declare” should appear at the end of the text under the subheading “Conflict of interest.” This applies to all papers.

Authors’ contribution

Individual contributions of authors should be specified in this section to give appropriate credit to each author. Place authors’ contribution before references.

References

• 40% of the references should be from research or review papers published within the past five years.
• All listed references must be cited in the text.
• Arrange the references in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname.
• The citation of references in text up to two author(s) should be surname followed by year of publication (Islam, 2010 or Islam and Hossain, 2013).
• The citation of references in text more than two author(s) should be surname of first author followed by et al., and year of publication (Islam et al., 2013).
• In case, an author cited has more than one publication during the same year should be identified by a lowercase letter (like a, b, c), both in the text and reference list to distinguish the works (Hossain et al., 2012a; 2012b).
• Abbreviated Journal Name should be written.
• Author(s) should check the references in the text and reference list carefully before submission to avoid delay in peer review and publication of the article.

Examples of Reference Styles:

Journal Articles:

• Kabir SML, 2009. The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10: 3531-3546.
• Marbach A and K Bettenbrock, 2012. lac operon induction in Escherichia coli: Systematic comparison of IPTG and TMG induction and influence of the transacetylase LacA. J. Biotechnol., 157: 82-88.
• Kabir SML, N Chowdhury, M Asakura, S Shiramaru, K Kikuchi, A Hinenoya, SB Neogi and S Yamasaki, 2019. Comparison of established PCR assays for accurate identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 72: 81-87.

Conference Proceedings:

Kabir SML, M Asakura, S Shiramaru, A Pal, A Hinenoya and S Yamasaki, 2013. Identification and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter strains of poultry origin in India with special emphasis on fluoroquinolone resistance. Proceedings of the 8^th International Poultry Show and Seminar, 28 February-02 March 2013, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Edited by: World’s Poultry Science Association Bangladesh Branch, pp. 85-89.

Theses:

Kabir SML, 2011. Comparison of molecular methods for the species identification of clinical Campylobacter strains and their antimicrobial resistance. PhD thesis, Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan. pp. 1-158.

Books:

Alam J and SML Kabir, 2017. Orf virus infection. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany.

Chapters in Books:

Kabir SML and SS Islam, 2021. Biotechnological applications in poultry farming. In: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 54. Edited by: Yata VK, AK Mohanty and E Lichtfouse, Springer, pp. 233-271.

Websites:

WHO, 2010. Avian influenza – situation in Vietnam-update 8. Available: http://www.who.int/csr/don/201 0_03_04a/en/index.html.

Unpublished Materials:

Leshner AI, 1996. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine addiction. N. Engl. J. Med., In press.

Tables

• All tables should be numbered using Arabic numerals (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, etc.).
• Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
• Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title.
• The vertical lines or rules should be avoided in the tables.
• Duplication of the data in the tables and figures is not allowed.
• All tables should be placed after the reference section.

Figures

• All figures should be numbered using Arabic numerals (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, etc.).
• Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
• Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).
• Each figure should have a concise and self-explanatory legend.
• The figures should have high resolutions (at least 300 dpi) with clarity.
• This section should be presented after the end of tables.

Ethical Considerations

Ebu Press Ltd recognizes the vital role of ethical research across diverse fields. We prioritize ethical considerations, particularly concerning vulnerable populations and endangered species. Our comprehensive policy framework guides researchers, reviewers, and editors in conducting and evaluating research ethically. When reporting research involving human subjects or the use of materials of human origin, authors must obtain prior institutional authorization. Furthermore, authors must include a statement in an appropriate section declaring that all experiments were carried out in compliance with the relevant laws and guidelines, in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Research using recombinant DNA implies that physical and biological containment conformed to the guidelines of a corresponding agency in the authors’ country.

Animal experiments must also be performed under institutional authorization and in compliance with relevant laws and guidelines in the authors’ country. Authors are encouraged to adhere to animal research reporting standards, for example the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting study design and statistical analysis; experimental procedures; experimental animals and housing and husbandry.

Prisoner research related policy

In research involving prisoners, Ebu Press Ltd places utmost importance on safeguarding prisoners’ dignity and well-being. We strictly prohibit the acceptance and publication of any research data related to prisoners on our platforms. Authors are required to explicitly state in the ethical approval statement the source from which the data was collected.

Indigenous people’s research related policy

Respecting indigenous peoples’ cultural identities, traditions, and knowledge is paramount. Ebu Press Ltd mandates meaningful engagement and consultation, incorporating indigenous perspectives and methodologies. Free, prior, and informed consent is fundamental. Community benefits and capacity-building initiatives are prioritized.

Minor’s research related policy

Ebu Press Ltd ensures minors’ protection, welfare, and well-being in research. Strict ethical guidelines mandate obtaining consent from parents or legal guardians and assent from minors whenever possible. Safety, privacy, and dignity are prioritized, with proactive measures to address any adverse effects.

Critically endangered species research related policy

Conservation and protection of critically endangered species are prioritized. Researchers must comply with laws and regulations, prioritize non-invasive methods, and collaborate with relevant stakeholders to ensure research contributes to species recovery and sustainability.

Extinct in wild species research related policy       

Researching extinct species in the wild requires sensitivity and collaboration to preserve ecological integrity. Ebu Press Ltd mandates collaboration with relevant experts, preservation of fossil sites, and engagement with local communities to respect cultural connections.

Publication Ethics Statement

Authors are advised to adhere strictly to the ethical standards as prescribed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

The editors of this journal enforce a rigorous peer-review process together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, image manipulation, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise. The editors of AAJBB take such publishing ethics issues very seriously and are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy.

Authors wishing to publish their papers in AAJBB must abide to the following:

• Any facts that might be perceived as a possible conflict of interest of the author(s) must be disclosed in the paper prior to submission.
• Authors should accurately present their research findings and include an objective discussion of the significance of their findings.
• Data and methods used in the research need to be presented in sufficient detail in the paper, so that other researchers can replicate the work.
• Raw data should preferably be publicly deposited by the authors before submission of their manuscript. Authors need to at least have the raw data readily available for presentation to the referees and the editors of the journal, if requested. Authors need to ensure appropriate measures are taken so that raw data is retained in full for a reasonable time after publication.
• Simultaneous submission of manuscripts to more than one journal is not tolerated.
• Republishing content that is not novel is not tolerated (for example, an English translation of a paper that is already published in another language will not be accepted).
• If errors and inaccuracies are found by the authors after publication of their paper, they need to be promptly communicated to the editors of this journal so that appropriate actions can be taken.
• Your manuscript should not contain any information that has already been published. If you include already published figures or images, please obtain the necessary permission from the copyright holder to publish under the CC-BY license.
• Plagiarism is not acceptable in AAJBB submissions. The policy of AAJBB is to publish only unplagiarized material. We check the submitted manuscript for similarity index by iThenticate. Highly similar articles are directly rejected. The plagiarism is counted excluding references.
• Image files must not be manipulated or adjusted in any way that could lead to misinterpretation of the information provided by the original image.
• Irregular manipulation includes: 1) introduction, enhancement, moving, or removing features from the original image; 2) grouping of images that should obviously be presented separately (e.g., from different parts of the same gel, or from different gels); or 3) modifying the contrast, brightness or color balance to obscure, eliminate or enhance some information.
• If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer review process, we may reject the manuscript. If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may correct or retract the paper.

Allegations of Research Misconduct Policy

Our policy for managing allegations of research misconduct is based on the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Report of research misconduct may be related to a published article or a manuscript under peer-review process. The procedure for the application and management of complaints of author misconduct should proceed with sensitivity, tact, in confidence, and in the following manner:

• The journal's editorial office receives a complaint via the contact form that an article submitted to or published in the journal is suspected of containing research misconduct.
• The complainant needs to clearly indicate the specific manner and detail of misconduct; for example, in a case of plagiarism, the plagiarized paragraph should be clearly highlighted and the original and suspected articles should be referred to clearly.
• The editorial office will conduct an investigation, during which time the editor of the journal and the corresponding author(s) of the suspected article will be in contact.
• The corresponding author(s) will be asked to provide an explanation with factual statements and any available evidence.
• If the author(s) of the suspected article accepts the misconduct complaint, the editorial office will take the following actions depending on the situation:
  • If the article has been published, an erratum or retraction may be necessary to remedy the situation. However, there may still be disagreement concerning the appropriate wording of the description.
  • If the misconduct is reported during the review process, the review process may continue, with the author(s) making the relevant changes.
• In the case of nonresponse in the stipulated time or an unsatisfactory explanation, the article may be permanently retracted or rejected. Before making a decision, confirmation will be sought from the experts of the relevant institution or other authorities as required.
• The complainant will be informed of the outcome once the issue is resolved.
• The complaint case will thereupon be considered concluded.

Citation Policy

• Authors should ensure that where material is taken from other sources (including their own published writing) the source is clearly cited and that where appropriate permission is obtained.
• Authors should not engage in excessive self-citation of their own work.
• Authors should not copy references from other publications if they have not read the cited work.
• Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends’, peers’, or institution’s publications.
• Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.

In accordance with COPE guidelines, we expect that “original wording taken directly from publications by other researchers should appear in quotation marks with the appropriate citations.” This condition also applies to an author’s own work. COPE have produced a discussion document on citation manipulation with recommendations for best practice.

Authorship

AAJBB follows the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines which state that, in order to qualify for authorship of a manuscript, the following criteria should be observed:

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
• Final approval of the version to be published; AND
• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Those who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship should be listed in the acknowledgments. More detailed guidance on authorship is given by the International Council of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

Any change to the author list should be approved by all authors including any who have been removed from the list. The corresponding author should act as a point of contact between the editor and the other authors and should keep co-authors informed and involve them in major decisions about the publication. We reserve the right to request confirmation that all authors meet the authorship conditions.

Editors and Journal Staff as Authors

Editors and journal staff shall not be involved in processing their academic work. Submissions authored by editors/journal staff will be assigned to at least two independent outside reviewers. Decisions will be made by other editorial board members who do not have conflict of interests with the authors.

Editorial Independence

Editorial independence is essential, and Ebu Press Ltd does not interfere with editorial decisions. All articles published by Ebu Press Ltd are peer-reviewed and assessed by our independent editorial boards, and Ebu Press Ltd staff are not involved in accepting manuscripts. When making an editorial decision, we expect the editorial board to make their decision based only upon:

• The suitability of selected reviewers;
• Adequacy of reviewer comments and author response;
• Overall scientific quality of the paper.

Manuscript Withdrawal Policy

Withdrawal of manuscript after submission is strongly discouraged. If there is a strong reason for withdrawal, a request for withdrawal signed by all the authors clearly stating the reasons for withdrawal must be sent to the Editor-in-Chief. After acceptance by the Editor-in-Chief, the editorial office will provide the author with a manuscript withdrawal letter, and the manuscript will be withdrawn. It is not an acceptable practice to withdraw a manuscript after it has been sent for peer review.

Correction and Retraction Policy

Post-publication issues

Ebu Press Ltd and AAJBB are dedicated to upholding the integrity of scientific research and will conduct thorough investigations into any concerns that are brought to our attention by authors or readers. Authors will be given the chance to address any concerns that are raised. We may request access to original unprocessed data and seek advice from experts during the investigation process. Depending on the gravity of the matter, the following outcomes may result:

1. If the manuscript is still being evaluated, it could be declined and sent back to the author (pre-publication/production stage).
2. If the article has already been published online, the potential outcomes may vary depending on the nature and severity of the issues:
   • An errata may be issued: An erratum may be issued if a significant error has been introduced during the production of a journal article, which affects the publication record, scientific integrity of the paper, reputation of the authors or the journal. This may include errors of omission, such as failure to make factual proof corrections requested by authors within the deadline (typically within 30 days of online publication) provided by the journal. Errata may be published for typing errors, unless the error is seemingly trivial, such as a simple incorrect unit. In cases where there is a significant error in a figure or table, a new corrected figure or table may be published as an erratum, if necessary. If there is an error in the lettering of a figure, a sentence of rectification may be published. For significant errors in the figure itself, a new corrected figure may be published as an erratum, and republishing of the figure or table is at the discretion of the editor;
   • A corrigenda may be issued: A corrigendum is a notice of a significant error made by the authors of a published article. Readers who wish to report a significant published error should submit a communication via email to the journal editor. Corrigenda are published after consultation among the editors, often with the assistance of peer-reviewers, and require all co-authors to agree to the amended wording before publication. If co-authors disagree, the editors may seek advice from independent peer-reviewers and impose the appropriate amendment, acknowledging the dissenting author(s) in the published version. In cases where some co-authors decline to sign a corrigendum or retraction, the editors reserve the right to publish it with the dissenting author(s) identified. This journal publishes corrigenda for errors in the author list but not for overlooked acknowledgements;
   • A correction or addendum may be issued: An addendum is a notice of a peer-reviewed addition of information to a published paper, often in response to a reader’s request for clarification. Addenda are not meant to contradict the original publication, but may include significant information that was inadvertently omitted by the author at the time of publication. These materials can be published as an addendum after undergoing peer review. Addenda are rarely published and are only deemed necessary by the editors if the additional information is crucial to the reader’s understanding of a significant aspect of the published contribution;
   • If issues of concern arise in a published article, an editor’s note or editorial expression of concern may be issued by the journal. These notices may be followed by a second notification once the investigation is concluded;
   • The article may be retracted.
3. If potentially serious issues are identified, the author’s institution may be informed by the AAJBB and Ebu Press Ltd.
4. If an error in a published article is identified, AAJBB will consider publishing an updated version of the article that corrects the error and clearly notes the changes made, including the date(s) of the changes, in a correction notice appended to the end of the article. In this case, previous electronic versions of the article will be marked as outdated and readers will be directed to the more recent version.

Retraction policy of AAJBB

AAJBB follows the COPE guidelines for retracting a published article. The journal will retract a published article if,

• There is clear evidence that the findings of an article are unreliable, either due to major errors such as miscalculations or experimental errors, or due to the fabrication or falsification of data such as image manipulation;
• The article comprised plagiarized texts;
• The findings of a published article have been previously published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources, disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification in cases of redundant publication;
• The article contains material or data without authorization for use;
• The copyright of the article has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issues such as libel, privacy;
• The article reports unethical research;
• The article has been published solely on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer review process;
• The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest (a.k.a. conflict of interest) that, in the view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.

In cases where an article needs to be retracted, Ebu Press Ltd and AAJBB will collaborate with the editor and author to draft the retraction notice, which will clearly explain the reasons why the article is being retracted.

The PDF of the retracted article will be replaced with a version that is watermarked with the word “Retracted”, but the original text will remain accessible. A retraction notice will also be published in the next available print issue of the journal. However, in rare cases, the journal and publisher may need to remove the original content for legal reasons. For example, if the content is defamatory, infringes on a third party’s intellectual property rights, right to privacy, or other legal right, or is otherwise unlawful. If a court or government order has been issued or is likely to be issued, requiring the removal of such content, the publisher may have to remove it. Additionally, if the published content, if acted upon, would pose an immediate and serious risk to health, it may need to be removed. If an article needs to be removed for legal reasons, we will retain the metadata such as the title and authors, but the article text will be replaced with a notification stating that it has been removed for legal reasons. Additionally, a retraction notice will be published online.

AAJBB will not consider a retraction of a published article if,

• The authorship is disputed among published authors but there is no reason to doubt the validity of the findings;
• The main findings of the article are still reliable and correction could sufficiently address errors or concerns;
• An assigned editor has inconclusive evidence to support retraction, or is awaiting additional information such as from an institutional investigation;
• Author conflicts of interest of the published article have been reported to the journal after publication, but in the editor’s view these are not likely to have influenced interpretations or recommendations or the conclusions of the article.

The author is not required to pay any fees to the journal or publisher for publishing errata, corrigenda, addendum, or retraction notices.

Article Types

Review articles: These provide concise and precise updates on the latest progress made in a given area of research. There is no specific format for review article. It is advised to refer the latest published review article of the journal for the format of manuscript preparation.

Full length research articles: Original research manuscripts. The journal considers all original research manuscripts provided that the work reports scientifically sound experiments and provides a substantial amount of new information. Quality and impact of the study will be considered during peer review.

Short communications: Papers in brief form will be published as Short communications, with the understanding that this does not provide an accelerated means for publication.