Impact of space weather on ionospheric dynamics in Bangladesh: Insights from 2022–2023 TEC analysis

Abstract

Our study, which investigates the impact of space weather on ionospheric variability  over  Bangladesh,  a  region  near  the  Equatorial  Ionization Anomaly  (EIA),  using  Total  Electron  Content  (TEC)  measurements derived  from  Global  Positioning  System  (GPS)  observations,  is  of significant  importance.  The  analysis,  covering  2022  and  2023, characterized by heightened solar activity, reveals a pronounced spatial gradient in TEC values, primarily modulated by proximity to the EIA and geomagnetic disturbances. Seasonal and diurnal patterns further highlight the influence of solar radiation and geomagnetic activity on ionospheric behavior. Notably, severe geomagnetic storms in March and September 2022  and  in  March  and  April  2023  induced  substantial  TEC perturbations, amplifying ionospheric variability. These findings provide critical  insights  into  the  complex  interactions  between  solar -terrestrial processes and geomagnetic dynamics, with significant implications for navigation, communication systems, and space weather forecasting in low-latitude regions such as Bangladesh.

J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 49(1); 103-111: June 2025