Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Health Disorders Induced by Excessive Smartphone Use: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v20i2.85535Keywords:
smartphone addiction, pathophysiology, neuroendocrine dysfunction, oxidative stress, Homeostasis, Public healthAbstract
Background: Smartphones have become indispensable tools in daily life; however, excessive use has been increasingly associated with adverse health outcomes. Problematic smartphone use may disrupt physiological homeostasis and contribute to multisystem dysfunction. Objective: To synthesize current evidences on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking excessive smartphone use with human health disorders. Methods: A systematic literature search using MeSH terms was performed in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and PsycINFO for English-language studies published up to October 2025. Studies exploring biological or physiological mechanisms associated with smartphone overuse were included. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, and eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality. Findings were synthesized thematically. Results: Of 103 records screened, 43 met inclusion criteria. Excessive smartphone use was associated with neuropsychological alterations including GABAergic dysfunction, reduced grey matter volume, and disrupted neural connectivity. Ocular disorders included digital eye strain, tear film instability, and blue light–induced retinal stress. Musculoskeletal issues such as text neck syndrome and tendon strain were linked to poor posture. Endocrine and metabolic effects stemmed from sleep deprivation, circadian misalignment, and sedentary behaviour, while cardiovascular disturbances involved sympathetic overactivation, reduced heart rate variability, and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusion:Excessive smartphone use exerts measurable adverse effects on multiple physiological systems through interconnected neurological, endocrine, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal pathways. The pathophysiological mechanisms primarily involve neuroendocrine dysregulation, oxidative stress, autonomic imbalance, and inflammatory activation, leading to both physical and psychological health disturbances. Public health strategies promoting digital hygiene, behavioural therapy, ergonomic practices, and screentime moderation are vital to prevent smartphone-related health disorders.
J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2025;20(2): 91-99
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