Workplace violence against healthcare workers in rural health facilities of Bangladesh and their quality of life: A cross-sectional study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v17i2.71416Keywords:
Bangladesh, Healthcare workers, Healthcare professionals, Workplace violence, quality of lifeAbstract
Background: The prevalence of verbal and physical violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) is reportedly high in Bangladesh. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with violence against HCWs in Bangladesh.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in May-June 2021 among 378 physicians and nurses working in 19 randomly selected rural government health facilities. A self-administered validated Bangla version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire on workplace violence (WPV) and the quality of life (QoL) was used. Multiple logistic regression analyses were done to find out the independent risk factors of WPV.
Results: The prevalence of overall WPV was about 48.0% (psychological 46.6%, physical 5.0%, and sexual harassment 1.9%). However, the WPV reporting rate was very low (27.8%). Being a male (aOR= 2.18; 95% confidence interval: 1.22−3.90) and a physician (aOR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.56−5.52) had increased the likelihood of experiencing WPV. HCWs who were encouraged to report WPV were less likely to experience WPV (aOR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.18−0.70). Study participants exposed to WPV had sig-nificantly lower QoL (P<0.01) in all the domains of WHOQOL-BREF (physical, psychological, social, and environmental).
Conclusion: The study findings revealed that half of the HCWs working at rural government health facilities experienced WPV, which warrants proper investigation to adopt effective measures to reduce future occurrence. Moreover, the QoL of HCWs working in the aforementioned health facilities was significantly influenced by exposure to WPV.
Downloads
342
122 Review Report
33
References
Liu J, Gan Y, Jiang H, Li L, Dwyer R, Lu K, Yan S, Sampson O, Xu H, Wang C, Zhu Y, Chang Y, Yang Y, Yang T, Chen Y, Song F, Lu Z. Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2019;76:927–37. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105849.
Gray P, Senabe S, Naicker N, Kgalamono S, Yassi A, Spiegel JM. Workplace-based organizational interventions promoting mental health and happiness among healthcare workers: A realist review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224396.
Dora SSK, Batool H, Nishu RI, Hamid P. Workplace Violence Against Doctors in India: A Traditional Review. Cureus 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8706.
Baig LA, Shaikh S, Polkowski M, Ali SK, Jamali S, Mazharullah L, Soomro M, Kumari B, Memon S, Maheshwari G, Arif S. Violence Against Health Care Providers: A Mixed-Methods Study from Karachi, Pakistan. J Emerg Med 2018;54:558-566.e2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.047.
ILO-ICN-WHO-PSI. Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector 2002. URL: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9221134466.
Yenealem DG, Woldegebriel MK, Olana AT, Mekonnen TH. Violence at work: Determinants & prevalence among health care workers, northwest Ethiopia: An institutional based cross-sectional study. Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-019-0288-6.
Kaur A, Ahamed F, Sengupta P, Majhi J, Ghosh T. Pattern of workplace violence against doctors practising modern medicine and the subsequent impact on patient care, in India. PLoS One 2020:e0239193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239193.
Shaikh S, Baig LA, Hashmi I, Khan M, Jamali S, Khan MN, Saleemi MA, Zulfiqar K, Ehsan S, Yasir I, Haq Z, Mazharullah L. The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan. BMJ Glob Heal 2020:e002112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112.
Hasan MJ, Sarkar TY, Ahmed M, Banik A, Islam S, Zaman MS, Mahmud F, Paul A, Sakib MN, Dev A, Hossain MJ, Fardous J, Nishat NH, Rahman M. Violence against physicians working in public tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh: A facility-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024;14:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080244.
Shahjalal M, Gow J, Alam MM, Ahmed T, Chakma SK, Mohsin FM, Hawlader MDH, Mahumud RA. Workplace Violence Among Health Care Professionals in Public and Private Health Facilities in Bangladesh. Int J Public Health 2021;66:1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2021.1604396.
Shahjalal M, Alam MM, Khan MNA, Sultana A, Zaman S, Hossain A, Hawlader MDH. Prevalence and determinants of physical violence against doctors in Bangladeshi tertiary care hospitals. Hum Resour Health 2023;21:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-023-00811-x.
Civilotti C, Berlanda S, Iozzino L. Hospital based healthcare workers victims of workplace violence in italy: A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115860.
Kader SB, Rahman MM, Hasan MK, Hossain MM, Saba J, Kaufman S, Christopher E, Koly KN. Workplace Violence Against Doctors in Bangladesh: A Content Analysis. Front Psychol 2021;12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787221.
Hasan MI, Hassan MZ, Bulbul MMI, Joarder T, Chisti MJ. Iceberg of workplace violence in health sector of Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes 2018;11:1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3795-6.
Shahjalal M, Parvez Mosharaf M, Mahumud RA. Effect of workplace violence on health workers injuries and workplace absenteeism in Bangladesh. Glob Heal Res Policy 2023;8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-023-00316-z.
Phillips JP. Workplace Violence against Health Care Workers in the United States. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1661–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1501998.
Alharbi FF, Alzneidi NA, Aljbli GH, Morad SA, Alsubaie EG, Mahmoud MA, Al-Dubai SA, Nakshabandi FA, bin Saleh S. Workplace Violence Among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Medical City in Riyadh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2021;13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14836.
Wang W, Lu L, Kelifa MM, Yu Y, He A, Cao N, Zheng S, Yan W, Yang Y. Mental health problems in chinese healthcare workers exposed to workplace violence during the covid-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study using propensity score matching analysis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020;13:2827–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S279170.
Yang SZ, Wu D, Wang N, Hesketh T, Sun KS, Li L, Zhou X. Workplace violence and its aftermath in China’s health sector: Implications from a cross-sectional survey across three tiers of the health system. BMJ Open 2019;9:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031513.
Yang Y, Li Y, An Y, Zhao YJ, Zhang L, Cheung T, Hall BJ, Ungvari GS, An FR, Xiang YT. Workplace Violence Against Chinese Frontline Clinicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Associations With Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Quality of Life: A Structural Equation Modeling Investigation. Front Psychiatry 2021;12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649989.
Xie XM, Zhao YJ, An FR, Zhang QE, Yu HY, Yuan Z, Cheung T, Ng CH, Xiang YT. Workplace violence and its association with quality of life among mental health professionals in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2021;135:289–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.023.
WHO. WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version, December 1996 1996:1–16. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOQOL-BREF
Tsutsumi A, Izutsu T, Kato S, Islam MA, Yamada HS, Kato H, Wakai S. Reliability and validity of the Bangla version of WHOQOL-BREF in an adult population in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;60:493–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01537.x.
Rajbhandari R, Subedi S, Kaphle HP. Workplace Violence against Health Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Baglung District, Nepal. Int J Heal Sci Res 2015;5. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272485109_Workplace_ Violence_against_Health_Workers_A_Cross-Sectional_Study_from_Baglung_District_Nepal
Joarder T, Rawal LB, Ahmed SM, Uddin A, Evans TG. Retaining doctors in rural Bangladesh: A policy analysis. Int J Heal Policy Manag 2018;7:847–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.37.
Baig LA, Ali SK, Shaikh S, Polkowski MM. Multiple dimensions of violence against healthcare providers in Karachi: Results from a multicenter study from Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2018 Aug;68(8):1157-1165. PMID: 30108379.
Khan MN, Haq ZU, Khan M, Wali S, Baddia F, Rasul S, Khan S, Polkowski M, Ramirez-Mendoza JY. Prevalence and determinants of violence against health care in the metropolitan city of Peshawar: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021;21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10243-8.
Jia H, Fang H, Chen R, Jiao M, Wei L, Zhang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jiang K, Li J, Jia X, Ismael OY, Mao J, Wu Q. Workplace violence against healthcare professionals in a multiethnic area: a cross-sectional study in southwest China. BMJ Open 2020;10:e037464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037464.
Harthi M, Olayan M, Abugad H, Wahab MA. Workplace violence among health-care workers in emergency departments of public hospitals in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Heal J 2020;26:1473–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.069.
Ghareeb NS, El-Shafei DA, Eladl AM. Workplace violence among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in a Jordanian governmental hospital: the tip of the iceberg. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15112-w.
Tian Y, Yue Y, Wang J, Luo T, Li Y, Zhou J. Workplace violence against hospital healthcare workers in China: A national WeChat-based survey. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08708-3.
Kitaneh M, Hamdan M. Workplace violence against physicians and nurses in Palestinian public hospitals: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012 Dec 20;12:469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-469.
Sun P, Zhang X, Sun Y, Ma H, Jiao M, Xing K, Kang Z, Ning N, Fu Y, Wu Q, Yin M. Workplace violence against health care workers in north chinese hospitals: A cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010096.
Ferri P, Silvestri M, Artoni C, Lorenzo R Di. Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2016;9:263–75. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S114870.
Honarvar B, Ghazanfari N, Shahraki HR, Rostami S, Lankarani KB. Violence against nurses: A neglected and health-threatening epidemic in the university affiliated public hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Int J Occup Environ Med 2019;10:111–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1556.
Park M, Cho SH, Hong HJ. Prevalence and Perpetrators of Workplace Violence by Nursing Unit and the Relationship Between Violence and the Perceived Work Environment. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015;47:87–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12112.
Shi L, Wang L, Jia X, Li Z, Mu H, Liu X, Peng B, Li A, Fan L. Prevalence and correlates of symptoms of post-Traumatic stress disorder among Chinese healthcare workers exposed to physical violence: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2017;7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016810.
Tang N, Thomson LE. Workplace violence in Chinese hospitals: The effects of healthcare disturbance on the psychological well-being of Chinese healthcare workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193687.
Cheung T, Lee PH, Yip PSF. The association between workplace violence and physicians’ and nurses’ job satisfaction in macau. PLoS One 2018;13:1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207577.
Teles MAB, Barbosa MR, Vargas AMD, Gomes VE, e Ferreira EF, Martins AME de BL, Ferreira RC. Psychosocial work conditions and quality of life among primary health care employees: A cross sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2014;12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-72.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Md Atiqul Haque, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Abid Hasan Khan, Sabrina Mousum, Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne Towhid, Md Enayet Ullah, Md Maruf Haque Khan, Mohammad Tanvir Islam
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
